This document discusses reproductive health and strategies to achieve it. It defines reproductive health as total well-being in physical, emotional, behavioral, and social aspects of reproduction. It outlines India's national programs to promote reproductive health since 1957. The major goals of these programs are to create awareness about reproduction, provide support facilities, and introduce sex education to schools. The document also discusses population growth issues and various birth control methods.
This document discusses reproductive health and strategies to achieve it. It defines reproductive health as total well-being in physical, emotional, behavioral, and social aspects of reproduction. It outlines India's national programs to promote reproductive health since 1957. The major goals of these programs are to create awareness about reproduction, provide support facilities, and introduce sex education to schools. The document also discusses population growth issues and various birth control methods.
This document discusses reproductive health and strategies to achieve it. It defines reproductive health as total well-being in physical, emotional, behavioral, and social aspects of reproduction. It outlines India's national programs to promote reproductive health since 1957. The major goals of these programs are to create awareness about reproduction, provide support facilities, and introduce sex education to schools. The document also discusses population growth issues and various birth control methods.
This document discusses reproductive health and strategies to achieve it. It defines reproductive health as total well-being in physical, emotional, behavioral, and social aspects of reproduction. It outlines India's national programs to promote reproductive health since 1957. The major goals of these programs are to create awareness about reproduction, provide support facilities, and introduce sex education to schools. The document also discusses population growth issues and various birth control methods.
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REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
Reproductive health means a total
well-being in physical , emotional , behavioral and social aspects of reproduction. Health Health is affected by 1.Genetic disorders and deficiencies with which an individual is born. 2.infections. 3.life style that includes a.food and water. b. rest. c. exercise. d. habits. Reproductive health-problems and strategies A reproductive healthy society is the society with people having physically and functionally normal reproductive organs and normal emotional and behavioural interactions among them in all sex related aspects. India is the first country to initiate action plan at the national level to attain total reproductive health, these programmes are called FAMILY PLANNING and were initiated in 1957. Currently it is called as Reproductive and Child Care Health (RCH) programmes. The major tasks of RCH programmes. 1.creating awareness among the people about various related aspects. 2. providing facilities and support for building up a reproductively healthy society. 3. governmental & non governmental agencies have taken up various steps to create awareness among people about reproduction related aspects, they take the help of audio visual and print media. 4. introduction of sex education in schools should be encouraged to give right information and to avoid myths and misconception about sex related aspects, proper information about reproductive organs, adolescence and related changes. Safe and hygienic sexual practices. Sexually transmitted diseases(STDs)-these would help people to lead a reproductively healthy life. Educating people , especially the fertile couples and those in marriageable age group, about the following can help them to make up a socially- conscious healthy family life of desired size. Available birth control options. Care of pregnant women. Post natal care of mother and child. Importance of breast feeding. Equal opportunities for the male and female child.
People should know about the problems of uncontrolled population growth. Social evils like sex abuse and sex related crimes. To enable to think and take up necessary steps to prevent them from these evils and build up a reproductively healthy society. Population explosion The following reasons have an explosive impact on population explosion. Increased health facilities. Improvement in technology. Better living conditions. Reasons. Decline in death rate. Decline in Maternal Mortality Rate.(MMR). Decline in Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) Increase the number of people in the reproductive age . BIRTH CONTROL. The most important step to control population growth is to motivate smaller families by using contraceptive methods. OTHER STEPS INCLUDES. Raising marriageable age to 18 for females and 21 for males. Incentives given to couples with small families. An ideal contraceptive should be User friendly. Easily available.. Effective. Reversible with no or less side effects. Non interfering with the sexual drive/desire and the sexual act of the user. Methods of birth control. The contraceptive methods are grouped into the following categories. Natural methods. Barrier methods. Intra-Uterine Devices.(IUDs) Oral contraceptives. Injectables and implants. Surgical methods.
Natural methods This methods work on the principle of avoiding chances of meeting between the gametes. The natural methods are not 100% effective 1. Periodic Abstinence. In this method ,the couples avoid or abstain from coitus (sexual intercourse) from the day 10-17 th of the menstrual cycle, when ovulation is expected to occur and chances of fertilization is high 2.Coitus interruptus.(withdrawal). In this method, the penis is withdrawn from the vagina before ejaculation and insemination is avoided. 3. Lactational amenorrhea. It refers to the absence of menstruation during the period of intense lactation following parturition. As ovulation does not occur in this periods and chances of conception is almost nil. But this method is effective for a maximum period of six months after parturition.
Barrier methods. The ovum and sperm are prevented from coming closer with the help of barriers. Barrier methods are available for males and females. Ex . Male condoms and female condoms these are made up of rubber or latex sheath to cover penis in male or vagina and cervix in females. Condoms are also provide protection against sexually transmitted diseases.. Diaphragms , cervical caps and vaults are the barriers, used by females ,they are reusable. Spermicidal creams are used along with these barriers to increase their contraceptive efficiency. Male condoms How to use male condom Female condom How to use female condom Use of diaphragm
Function of diaphragm Intra-Uterine Devices(IUDs) These are the devices introduced into uterus. IUDs are the following types. Non medicated IUDs eg. Lippes loop. Copper releasing IUDs-CuT, Cu 7,Multiload375 Hormone releasing IUDs.eg.Progestasert .LNG20. Position of IUDs IUDs prevent contraception in the following ways. Be increasing phagocytosis of sperms within the uterus. By suppressing sperm motility and thereby fertilizing ability)by cu releasing IUDs. By making unsuitable for implantation. By making the cervix hostile to sperms. Oral contraceptives It is the hormonal preparations in the form of pills. They are either progesterone or progesterogen- esterogen complex. Eg .Mala-D. Mala-L(DAILY PILLS) Functions- They alter /inhibit ovulation and implantation. They modify the quality of cervical mucus to prevent/retard entry of sperms. SAHELI is an example of oral contraceptive , that contains a non-steroidal content called centchroman. It is developed in INDIA in Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow. It is a once week pill. ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE pills have to be taken daily for a period of 21 days starting within the first five days of menstrual cycle.
Injections and Implants. PROGESTOGENS or progestogen-esterogen combination is also used as injections or implants under the skins Their mode of action is similar to oral contraceptives , their effective periods are longer. Inserting implant Surgical methods
Tubectomy Vasectomy
Surgical methods
These are advised as a terminal method to prevent pregnancy. It block the transport of gametes and there by conception. Vasectomy is the sterilization procedure in males, where a small portion of the vas deference is removed or tied up ., through an incision through scrotum. Tubectomy is the sterilization procedure in females,where a part of fallopian tube is removed or tied up through a small incision in the abdomen or through vagina. Medical termination of pregnancy (MTP) MTP has been legalized by the Govt. of India in 1971. with strict conditions to avoid its misuse, especially indiscriminate and illegal female foeticides. MTP is essential where pregnancy could be harmful to the mother or the foetus or both. MTP are safe during the first trimester (12 weeks of pregnancy ). MTP IS RISK DURING THE SECOND TRIMESTER. Infertility The reasons for infertility could be physical, congenital diseases, use of certain drugs, immunological reactions or psychological. Infertility clinics could diagnose the problem and give corrective treatments for many of these problems. Special techniques are called Assisted Reproductive Technologies(ART) help the couple to have children's. ART are as follows 1.TEST TUBE BABY PROGRAMMES. In this methods ,ova from the wife or a donor female and the sperm from the husband or a donor are allowed to fuse under simulated conditions(as that of the body ) in the laboratory. It is called in vitro fertilization(IVF) . The zygote /early embryo is transferred into the uterus or fallopian tube for further development. This process is called Embryo Transfer (ET).
TYPES OF ET.. The zygote or the embryo up to eight blastosis transferred into the fallopian tube. It is called Zygote Intra Fallopian Transfer (ZIFT). Embryo with more than eight balstomeres are transferred into the uterus, it is called Intra Uterine Transfer(IUT). 2.GAMETE INTRA FALLOPIAN TRANSFER(GIFT). This methods involves the transfer of an ovum collected from a donor female into another female, who can not produce an ova but can provide a suitable conditions for fertilization and further development of the foetus upto parturition. 3.INTRA CYTOPLASMIC SPERM INJECTION(ICSI) In this method the sperm is directly injected into the ovum to form an embryo in the laboratory and the embryo transfer is carried out. 4.ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION(AI) In this method ,the semen collected from the husband or an healthy donor is artificially introduced into the vagina or into the uterus,it is called intra uterine insemination(IUI). This method is used incase where infertility is due to the inability of the male partner to inseminate the female or due to very low sperm counts in the ejaculates. Sexually Transmitted Diseases(STDs) SYPHILIS. GONORRHOEA. CHLAMYDIASIS TRICHOMONIASIS AIDS HEPATITIS-B GENETAL HERPS. Sexually Transmitted Diseases transmitted during coitus or genital contact 1 in 4 will contract STD between 15-55 yrs of age require moist environments (transitional zones) STDs common areas of infection: vulva, vagina urethra in females penis, urethra in males mouth, oral cavity, eyes, anus in both sexes if untreated, can pass from transitional zone to other tissues person usually has >1 STD at a time
Causes BACTERIA : single-celled, microscopic organisms cause disease by producing toxins can be prevented by vaccines; killed by antibiotics Examples of bacterial STDs: chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis
Gonorrhea Bacterial STD Symptoms similar to those of chlamydia
Syphilis STD caused by bacterium 1st epidemic: 15th century, W. Europe 34,000 cases reported per year rates on the rise again bacterium thrives in moist regions 9/10 cases due to transmission during coitus Diagnosis / treatment of syphilis Cultures; blood test for antibodies several antibiotics are effective curable, like gonorrhea may cause permanent damage if tertiary stage is reached Herpes genitalis most common viral STD (1 million in U.S. contract / year) incurable caused by herpes simplex type 2 virus other herpes viruses exist (cause fever blisters, cold sores, chicken pox, infectious mononucleosis) type 2 invades areas below the waist; type 1 invades above the waist 20% of infections in genital region are due to type 1 Herpes likewise, type 2 is sometimes found in mouth sores condoms not 100% effective in preventing transmission type 2 can be transmitted by nonsexual contact
Herpes: Symptoms Burning sensation followed by appearance of blisters Blisters rupture in 1-2 days; become painful ulcers Possible flu-like symptoms in males > sores occur on penis in females > on labia, clitoris, cervix, vagina, urethra, perineum http://std-gov.org/stds/std.htm Herpes Symptoms in both sexes: painful urination and coitus; sometimes fever and enlargement of lymph nodes sores heal between 1-6 weeks if virus comes into contact with eye, can cause blindness
Herpes: Transmission even with no sores, virus is harbored within body in nerve cells near spinal cord a person is most infectious when sores are present; transmission at other times? sores can reappear throughout a persons lifetime Herpes: Transmission triggers for recurrence: sunlight stress menstruation sex sometimes, antibodies are developed that alleviate or stop recurrences Herpes: Treatment no cure for herpes drugs can disrupt viral reproduction some forms resistant proper hygiene helps reduce spread vaccine is currently being developed that decreases frequency of sore recurrence Herpes vaginal deliveries can result in infection of newborn: 25% can develop blindness, brain damage 25% develop skin lesions rarely, virus can cross placenta
Human papilloma virus Over 70 strains Some cause venereal warts -moist, soft, cauliflower-like bumps (within 3 weeks - 8 months) appear on cervix, labia, vulva, perineum in females on penis in males, urethra, scrotum treated topically with dry ice, liquid nitrogen > warts dry up and fall off in a few days warts may recur Human papilloma virus major cause of cervical cancer (95% of cases associated with HPV) also associated with cancer of the penis, vagina, anus http://www.dermnet.com/thumbnailIndex.cfm?moduleID=16 &moduleGroupID=242&groupIndex=0&numcols=0 http://www.dermnet.com/thumbnailIndex.cfm?moduleID=16 &moduleGroupID=241&groupIndex=0&numcols=0
AIDS AIDS = acquired immune deficiency syndrome: condition is caught, not inherited virus attacks immune system certain infections, cancers occur in infected persons caused by human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) live and reproduce in helper T cells host cells die as viruses depart to infect other cells consequence: decrease in helper T cells, which are necessary for stimulating antibody production by B cells and activity of killer T cells AIDS, contd. between 4.2 and 15 years, HIV infection leads to fullblown AIDs stages: window period (incubation period): can be as long as six months virus replicates slowly; no antibodies detected acute phase of HIV disease (after seroconversion): lasts 2-4 weeks accompanied by flu-like illness (fever, swollen glands, muscle aches, weight loss) AIDS, contd. asymptomatic phase: little or no symptoms virus continues to replicate, destroy T cells symptomatic phase: opportunistic infections begin examples: bacterial skin infections, diarrhea, fever, tuberculosis AIDS, contd. T cell count less than 200 cells per microliter of blood (normal is 900-1200 cells) accompanied by one or more opportunistic infections: pneumonia neurological problems (meningitis, seizures) cancers of skin, cervix, lymph nodes death follows in about 2 years AIDS: Transmission of HIV virus is present in bodily fluids: blood, semen, cervical and vaginal secretions low levels also present in urine, saliva, tears (no evidence that virus can be transmitted by these fluids) transmitted when contaminated fluid enters anothers body risk of contraction is greatest in receptive partner during anal or vaginal intercourse common modes of transmission: use of contaminated needles, sexual contact, during pregnancy AIDS: Transmission of HIV virus does not live long outside of the body cannot be contracted from classroom activities, bathrooms, swimming pools, kissing, sharing food, coughing, sneezing, sweating, sharing utensils, giving blood Pregnancy and HIV Use of protease inhibitors during pregnancy can reduce risk of infecting fetus (25% to 8%) HIV-positive women are advised not to breastfeed Assignments. previous papers. 5 marks . 1. Describe vasectomy and tubectomy with diagrams. 2.Expand the followings. ART, GIFT,ICSI, RTI,IUI. 3 MARKS./2 MARKS. 1.How are assisted reproductive technologies helpful to humans ? How are ZIFT and GIFT are different from intra uterine transfers? Explain. 2.What is amniocentesis ? Why has government imposed a statutory ban in spite of its importance in the medical field ? 3.How do copper and hormone releasing IUDS act as contraceptives explain? Mention example for each. 4.Name an oral pill used as contraceptive by human females. Explain how does it prevent pregnancy? 4. (a) How do pills acts as contraceptives in females ? (b) Why saheli considered to be an improved form of oral contraceptive for human females ? 5.Describe the lactational amenorrhea method of birth control . 6. At the time of independence, the population of India was 350 million, which expolded to over 1 billion by may 2000.List any reasons for this rise in population and any two steps taken by the government to check this population explosion. All NCERT text book questions.( CHAPTERS 01 ,02 ,03 .AND 04 ). SUBMISSION DATE BEFORE 30 TH JUNE-2014,) NCERT TEXT BOOK QUESTIONS- CHAPTERS- 01 .O2, 03