INTRODUCTION TO MATRIX

METHODS
LECTURE No. 1
MATRIX METHODS OF ANALYSIS :
Broadly the methods of analysis are categorised in two ways
1. Force Methods : Methods in which forces are made unknowns i.e
Method of consistant deformation and strain energy method. In both
these methods solution of number of simultaneous equations is
involved.
2. Displacement Methods in which displacements are made unknowns
i.e slope deflection method, Moment distribution method and Kanis
Method (In disguise). In slope deflection method also, the solution of
number of simultaneous equations is involved.
In both of the above methods, for the solution of simultaneous
equations matrix approach can be employed & such Method is called
Matrix method of analysis.
FORCE METHOD :
Method of consistent deformation is the base and forces are made
unknown

b
= Upward Deflection of point B on primary structure due to all causes

bo
= Upward Deflection of point B on primary structure due to applied
load(Redundant removed i.e condition X
b
= 0)

bb
= Upward Deflection of point B on primary structure due to X
b

( i.e Redundant )

bb
= Upward Deflection of point B on primary structure due to X
b
= 1

bb
=
bb
. X
b

b
=
bo
+
bb
Substituting for
bb
-

b
=
bo
+
bb
. X
b
Called Super position equation
Using the compatibility condition that the net displacement at B = 0 i.e

b
= 0 we get X
b
=
bo
/
bb
To Conclude we can say, [ ] = [
L
] +[
R
]



DISPLACEMENT METHOD
This method is based on slope deflection method and displacements
are made unkowns which are computed by matrix approch instead of
solving simultaneous equations and finaly unknown forces are
calculated using slpoe deflection equations.
M
ab
= M
ab
+ 2EI / L ( 2
a
+
b
+ 3 / L)
M
ab
= Final Moment and may be considered as net force P at the joint
M
ab
= Fixed end moment i.e Force required for the condition of zero
displacements & is called locking force. ( i.e. P)
The second term may be considred as the force required to produce the
required displacements at the joints. (i.e P
d
)Therefore the above
equation may be written as [P] = [P] + [P
d
]
Thus, there are Two Methods in matrix methods
MATRIX METHODS
FORCE METHOD DISPLACEMENT METHOD
The force method is also called by the names 1) Flexibility Method
2)Static Method 3)Compatibility.
Similarly the displacement method is also called by the names
1)Stiffness Method 2) Kinematic method 3) Equilibrium Method.
In both force method & displacement method there are two
different approaches 1) System Approach 2) Element Approach.

To study matrix methods there are some pre-requisites :
i) Matrix Algebra - Addition, subtraction ,Multiplication &
inversion of matrices (Adjoint Method )
ii) Methods of finding out Displacements i.e. slope & deflection
at any point in a structure, such as a)Unit load method or
Strain energy method b) Moment area method etc.
According to unit load method the displacement at any point j
is given by

j
=
0
Mm
j
ds / EI Where M B M due
to applied loads & m
j
B M due to unit load at j

L

ij
=
0
m
i
.m
j
.ds / EI When unit load is applied at i and is
called flexibility coefficient.
The values of
j
and
ij
can be directly read from the table
depending upon the combinations of B M diagrams & these
tables are called Diagram Multipliers.
iii) Study of Indeterminacies Static indeterminacy & kinematic
indeterminacy
THANK YOU
INDETERMINATE
STRUCTURES
1. Statically Indeterminate Structure
2. Kinematically Indeterminate Structure
LECTURE No. 2
INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES
Statically Indeterminate Structure :
Any structure whose reaction components or
internal stresses cannot be determined by using
equations of static equilibrium alone, (i.e.Fx = 0,
Fy = 0, Mz = 0) is a statically Indeterminate
Structure.
The additional equations to solve statically
indeterminate structure come from the conditions
of compatibility or consistent displacements.
Roller Support : No. of reactions, r = 1
Hinged Support : No. of reactions, r = 2
Fixed Support : No. of reactions, r = 3
1. Pin Jointed Structures i.e. Trusses
Internal static indeterminacy : (Dsi) No. of
members required for stability is given by 3
joints 3 members every additional joint
requires two additional members.
m = 2 (j 3)+3 j = No. of joints
m = 2j 3 Stable and statically
determinate
Dsi = m m Where m = No. of members in
a structure
Dsi = m (2j 3)
External static indeterminacy (Dse)
r = No. of reaction components
Equations of static equilibrium = 3 (i.e.Fx
= 0, Fy = 0, Mz = 0)
Dse = r 3
Total static indeterminacy Ds = Dsi + Dse
Ds = m (2j 3)+(r 3)
Ds = (m+r) 2j

Rigid Jointed Structures : No. of reaction
components over and above the no. of
equations of static equilibrium is called a
degree of static indeterminacy.
Ds = r-3
Equations of static equilibrium = 3
(i.e.Fx = 0, Fy = 0, Mz = 0)


No. of reaction components r = 5 (as shown)
Ds = r 3 = 5 3 = 2 Ds = 2
Example 1
Introduce cut in the member BC as shown. At the cut the internal
stresses are introduced i.e. shear force and bending moment as
shown.
Left part : No. of unknowns = 5 Equations of equilibrium = 3
Ds = 5 3 = 2
Right Part : No. of unknowns = 4 Equations of equilibrium = 2
Ds = 4 2 = 2
Ds = Static Indeterminacy = 2
Example 2
Fig. (A) Fig. (B) Fig. (C)
Another Approach : For Every member in a rigid
jointed structure there will be 3 unknowns i.e. shear
force, bending moment, axial force.
Let r be the no. of reaction components and m be the
no. of members
Total no. of unknowns = 3m + r
At every joint three equations of static equilibrium are
available
no. of static equations of equilibrium = 3j (where j is
no. of joints)
Ds = (3m + r) 3j
In the example r = 6, m = 6, j = 6
Ds = (3 x 6 + 6) (3 x 6 ) = 6
A structure is said to be kinematically indeterminate if the
displacement components of its joints cannot be determined by
compatibility conditions alone. In order to evaluate displacement
components at the joints of these structures, it is necessary to consider the
equations of static equilibrium. i.e. no. of unknown joint displacements over
and above the compatibility conditions will give the degree of kinematic
indeterminacy.

Fixed beam : Kinematically determinate :

Simply supported beam Kinematically indeterminate
Kinematic Indeterminacy :

LECTURE No. 3
Any joint Moves in three directions in a plane
structure
Two displacements x in x direction, y in y direction,
rotation about z axis as shown.
Roller Support :
r = 1, y = 0, & x exist DOF = 2 e = 1
Hinged Support :
r = 2, x = 0, y = 0, exists DOF = 1 e = 2
Fixed Support :
r = 3, x = 0, y = 0, = 0 DOF = 0 e = 3
i.e. reaction components prevent the displacements no. of restraints = no. of
reaction components.
Degree of kinematic indeterminacy :
Pin jointed structure :Every joint two displacements components and no
rotation

Dk = 2j e where, e = no. of equations of compatibility
= no. of reaction components

Rigid Jointed Structure : Every joint will have three displacement
components, two displacements and one rotation.
Since, axial force is neglected in case of rigid jointed structures, it is
assumed that the members are inextensible & the conditions due to
inextensibility of members will add to the numbers of restraints. i.e to the e
value.

Dk = 3j e where, e = no. of equations of compatibility
= no. of reaction components +
constraints due to in extensibility
Example 1 : Find the static and kinematic indeterminacies
r = 4, m = 2, j = 3
Ds = (3m + r) 3j
= (3 x 2 + 4) 3 x 3 = 1
Dk = 3j e
= 3 x 3 6 = 3
i.e. rotations at A,B, & C i.e. a, b & c
are the displacements.
(e = reaction components + inextensibility conditions = 4 + 2 = 6)

Example 2 :
Ds = (3m+r) 3j
m = 3, r = 6, j = 4
Ds = (3 x 3 + 6) 3 x 4 = 3
Dk = 3j e e = no. of reaction
components + conditions of
inextensibility
= 6+3 = 9
Dk = 3 x 4 9 = 3 i.e. rotation b, c & sway.
Example 3 :
Ds = (3m + r) 3j
r = 6, m = 10, j = 9
Ds = (3 x 10 + 6) 3 x 9 = 9


Conditions of inextensibility :
Joint : B C E F H I
1 1 2 2 2 2 Total
= 10

Reaction components r = 6

e = 10 + 6 = 16

Dk = 3j e
= 3 x 9 16 = 11

THANK YOU
FORCE METHOD :
This method is also known as flexibility method
or compatibility method. In this method the degree of static
indeterminacy of the structure is determined and the redundants
are identified. A coordinate is assigned to each redundant.
Thus,P
1
, P
2
- -

- - - -P
n
are the redundants at the coordinates 1,2, -
- - - - n.If all the redundants are removed , the resulting structure
known as released structure, is statically determinate. This
released structure is also known as basic determinate structure.
From the principle of super position the net displacement at any
point in statically indeterminate structure is some of the
displacements in the basic structure due to the applied loads and
the redundants. This is known as the compatibility condition and
may be expressed by the equation;


LECTURE No. 4

1
=
1
L +
1
R Where 1 - - - - n = Displ. At Co-ord.at 1,2 - -n

2
=
2
L +
2
R
1
L ----
n
L = Displ.At Co-ord.at 1,2 - - - - -n
| | | Due to aplied loads
| | |
1
R ----
n
R = Displ.At Co-ord.at 1,2 - - - - -n

n
=
n
L +
n
R Due to Redudants

The above equations may be return as [] = [
L
] + [
R
] - - - - (1)

1
=
1
L +
11
P
1
+
12
P
2
+ - - - - -
1n
P
n

2
=
2
L +
21
P
1
+
22
P
2
+ - - - - -
2n
P
n
| | | | |
| | | | | - - - - - (2)


n
=
n
L +
n1
P
1
+
n2
P
2
+ - - - - -
nn
P
n

= [ L] + [] [P] - - - - - - (3)
[P]= []
-1
{[] [ L]} - - - - - - (4)
If the net displacements at the redundants are zero then
1, 2 - - - - n =0,
Then [P] = - []
-1
[ L] - - - - - -(5)
The redundants P1,P2, - - - - - Pn are Thus determined
DISPLACEMENT METHOD :
This method is also known as stiffness or equilibrium. In this
method the degree of kinematic indeterminacy (D.O.F) of the
structure is determined and the coordinate is assigned to each
independent displacement component.
In general, The displacement components at the
supports and joints are treated as independent displacement
components. Let 1,2, - - - - - n be the coordinates assigned to
these independent displacement components 1, 2 - - - - n.
In the first instance lock all the supports and the joints to
obtain the restrained structure in which no displacement is
possible at the coordinates. Let P
1
, P
2
, - - - - P
n
be the forces
required at the coordinates 1,2, - - - - - n in the restrained structure
in which the displacements 1, 2 - - - - n are zero. Next, Let the
supports and joints be unlocked permitting displacements 1, 2 -
- - - n at the coordinates. Let these displacements require forces
in P
1d
, P
2d
, - - - - P
nd
at coordinates 1,2, - - - - n respectively.

If P
1
, P
2
- - - - - - P
n
are the external forces at the coordinates 1,2, -
- - - n, then the conditions of equilibrium of the structure may be
expressed as:

P
1
= P
1
+P
1d
P
2
= P
2
+P
2d - - - - - - - - - - - - -
(1)


| | |
| | |
P
n
= P
n
+ P
nd

or [P ] = [P] + [ P
d
] - - - - - - - -- -(2)

P
1
= P
1
+K
11

1
+ K
12
,
2
+ K
13

3
+

- - - - -K
1n

n
P
2
= P
2
+K
21

1
+ K
22

2
+ K
23

3
+

- - - - - K
2n

n

| | | | | |
| | | | | | - - - - - - - - - (3)
P
n
= P
n
+K
n1

1
+ K
n2
,
2
+ K
n3

3
+

- - - - - - - - -K
nn

i.e [P ] = [P ] + [ K ] [ ] - - - - - - - - - - (4)

[ ]= [ K ]
1
{[P] [P]} - - - - - - - - - (5)
Where P = External forces
P = Locking forces
P
d
=Forces due to displacements
If the external forces act only at the coordinates the terms P
1
, P
2
,
- - - - P
n
vanish. i. e the Locking forces are zero,then



[ ]= [ K ]
1
[

P ]

- - - - - - - - - - (6)
On the other hand if there are no external forces at the
coordinates then [P]=0 then
[ ]=

[ K ]
1
[

P ] - - - - - - - - - - -(7)
Thus the displacements can be found out. Knowing the
displacements the forces are computed using slope deflection
equations:
M
ab
= M
ab
+ 2EI / L (2
a
+
b
+3 / L)
M
ba
=M
ba
+ 2EI / L (
a
+ 2
b
+3 / L)
Where M
ab
& M
ba
are the fixed end moments for the member
AB due to external loading

THANK YOU
FLEXIBILITY AND STIFFNESS MATRICES : SINGLE CO-ORD.
P=K x D
P=K x PL
3
/ 3EI
K=3EI / L
3
K=Stiffness Coeff.
D= x P
D=PL
3
/3EI = x P
=L
3
/3EI
=Flexibility Coeff.
D= ML / EI
D= x M=ML/EI
=L / EI
=Flexibility Coeff.

M=K x D =K x ML/EI
K=EI / L
K=Stiffness Coeff.
X K= 1
LECTURE No. 5
TWO CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM
Unit Force At Co-ord.(1)
Unit Force At Co-ord.(2)

11
=L
3
/ 3EI
21
=L
2
/ 2EI

12
=
21
=L
2
/ 2EI
22
=L / EI


=
D
1
=
11
P
1
+
12
X P
2
& D
2
=
21
P
1
+
22
P
2
D
1

11

12
P
1

D
2

21

22
P
2
L
3
/ 3EI
L
2
/ 2EI
L
2
/ 2EI
L / EI
[ ]=
FLEXIBILITY MATRIX
Unit Force At Co-ord.(1) Unit Force At Co-ord.(1) Unit Force At Co-ord.(1) Unit Force At Co-ord.(1)
TWO CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM
Unit Force At Co-ord.(1) Unit Force At Co-ord.(1)
Unit Force At Co-ord.(2)
TWO CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM
Unit Force At Co-ord.(1)
STIFFNESS MATRIX
Unit Displacement at (1)
K
11
=12EI / L
3

K
21
= 6EI / L
2
Forces at Co-ord.(1) & (2)
Unit Displacement at (2)
Forces at Co-ord.(1) & (2)
K
12
= 6EI / L
2
K
22
=4EI / L
=

P
1
=K
11
D
1
+K
12
D
2
P
2
=K
21
D
1
+K
22
D
2
P
1
P
2
K
11
K
12
K
21
K
22

D
1
D
2
K =
12EI / L
3
6EI / L
2
6EI / L
2
4EI / L
Develop the Flexibility and stiffness matrices for frame
ABCD with reference to Coordinates shown
The Flexibility matrix can be developed by
applying unit force successively at
coordinates (1),(2) &(3) and evaluating the
displacements at all the coordinates

ij
= mi mj / EI x ds
ij
=displacement at I due to unit load at j



Unit Load at (1) Unit Load at (2) Unit Load at (3)
Portion DC CB BA
I I 4I 4I
Origin D C B
Limits 0 - 5 0 - 10 0 - 10
m
1
x 5 5 - x
m
2
0 x 10
m
3
- 1 -1 -1

11
= m
1
.m
1
dx / EI = 125 / EI

21
=
12
= m
1
.m
2
dx / EI = 125 / 2EI

31
=
13
= m
1
.m
3
dx / EI = -25 / EI

22
= m
2
.m
2
dx / EI = 1000 / 3EI

23
=
32
= m
2
.m
3
dx / EI = -75 / 2EI

33
= m
3
.m
3
dx / EI = 10 / EI

= 1 / 6EI
750 375 -150
375 2000 -225
-150 -225 60

INVERSING THE FLEXIBILITY MATRIX [ ]
THE STIFENESS MATRIX [ K ] CAN BE OBTAINED
K = EI
0.0174 0.0028 0.0541
0.0028 0.0056 0.0282
0.0541 0.0282 0.3412
THANK YOU
STIFFNESS MATRIX
Given Co-ordinates
Unit Displacement at Co-ordinate (1)
K
11
=(12EI / L
3
)
AB
+ (12EI / L
3
)
CD
= 0.144EI
K
21
= (6EI / L
2
)
AB
= 0.24EI
K
31
= (6EI / L
2
)
CD
= 0.24EI
LECTURE No. 6
Unit Dspl. at Co-ord.(2)
K
12
=K
21
= (6EI / L
2
)
AB
= 0.24EI
K
22
=(4EI / L)
AB
+(4EI / L)
BC
= 3.2EI
K
32
=(2EI / L)
BC
= 0.82EI
Unit Dspl. at Co-ord.(3)
K
13
=K
31
= (6EI / L
2
)
CD
= 0.24EI
K
23
= K
32
=(2EI / L)
BC
= 0.82EI
K
33
= (4EI / L)
BC
+(4EI/L)
CD
=2.4EI
K=EI
0.144 0.24 0.24
0.24 3.2 0.8
0.24 0.8 2.4
1. Determine the degree of
static indeterminacy (degree of
redundancy), n
1. Determine the degree of
kinematic indeterminacy ,
(degree of freedom), n
2. Choose the redundants.

2. Identify the independent
displacement components
3. Assign coordinates 1, 2,
,n to the redundants
3. Assign coordinates 1, 2, , n
to the independent
displacement components.
Force Method ( Flexibility or
compatibility method )
Displacement method
(Stiffness or equilibrium method)
4. Remove all the redundants to
obtain to obtain the released
structure.
4.Prevent all the independent
displacement components to
obtain the restrained
structure.
5.Determine [
L
], the
displacements at the coordinates
due to applied loads acting on
the released structure
5. Determine [P
1
] the forces
at the coordinates in the
restrained structure due to
the loads other than those
acting at the coordinates
6. Determine [
R
], the
displacements at the coordinates
due to the redundants acting on
the released structure

6. Determine [P

] the forces
required at the coordinates in
the unrestrained structure to
cause the independent
displacement components[]
7. Compute the net
displacement at the coordinates
[] = [
L
] + [
R
]
7. Compute the forces at
the coordinates
[P] = [ P
1
] + [P

]
8. Use the conditions of
compatibility of displacement s
to compute the redundants
[P] = []
-1
{[] [
L
]}
8. Use the conditions of
equilibrium of forces to
compute the displacements
[] = [k]
-1
{ [P] [P
1
] }
9. Knowing the redundants,
compute the internal member
forces by using equations of
statics.
9. Knowing the
displacements, compute the
internal member forces by
using slope deflection
equation.
THANK YOU
LECTURE No. 7
5
THANK YOU
6
LECTURE No. 8
7
THANK YOU
LECTURE No. 9
THANK YOU
LECTURE No. 10
THANK YOU