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    Rhizobium and Other N Fixing Bacteria: Nitrogenase

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    laily_mutmainna126
    Rhizobium and other bacteria are able to fix atmospheric nitrogen gas (N2) into ammonia (NH3) through the nitrogenase enzyme. This biological nitrogen fixation is an essential process that converts stable, unusable nitrogen in the air into a form that can be directly assimilated by plants and other organisms as amino acids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Legumes have developed symbiotic relationships with Rhizobia bacteria, where the bacteria colonize root nodules and fix nitrogen in exchange for carbon from the plant. This mutually beneficial relationship naturally fertilizes soils and helps support global food production.

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    Rhizobium and Other N Fixing Bacteria: Nitrogenase

    Uploaded by

    laily_mutmainna126
    22 views27 pages
    Rhizobium and other bacteria are able to fix atmospheric nitrogen gas (N2) into ammonia (NH3) through the nitrogenase enzyme. This biological nitrogen fixation is an essential process that converts stable, unusable nitrogen in the air into a form that can be directly assimilated by plants and other organisms as amino acids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Legumes have developed symbiotic relationships with Rhizobia bacteria, where the bacteria colonize root nodules and fix nitrogen in exchange for carbon from the plant. This mutually beneficial relationship naturally fertilizes soils and helps support global food production.

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    rhizobium-1

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    Rhizobium and other bacteria are able to fix atmospheric nitrogen gas (N2) into ammonia (NH3) through the nitrogenase enzyme. This biological nitrogen fixation is an essential process that converts stable, unusable nitrogen in the air into a form that can be directly assimilated by plants and other organisms as amino acids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Legumes have developed symbiotic relationships with Rhizobia bacteria, where the bacteria colonize root nodules and fix nitrogen in exchange for carbon from the plant. This mutually beneficial relationship naturally fertilizes soils and helps support global food production.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    22 views27 pages

    Rhizobium and Other N Fixing Bacteria: Nitrogenase

    Uploaded by

    laily_mutmainna126
    Rhizobium and other bacteria are able to fix atmospheric nitrogen gas (N2) into ammonia (NH3) through the nitrogenase enzyme. This biological nitrogen fixation is an essential process that converts stable, unusable nitrogen in the air into a form that can be directly assimilated by plants and other organisms as amino acids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Legumes have developed symbiotic relationships with Rhizobia bacteria, where the bacteria colonize root nodules and fix nitrogen in exchange for carbon from the plant. This mutually beneficial relationship naturally fertilizes soils and helps support global food production.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 27

    Rhizobium and other N fixing bacteria

    N
    2
    NH
    3

    nitrogenase
    Ecology of nitrogen-fixing bacteria
    N
    2
    + 8 flavodoxin
    -
    + 8H
    +
    + 16 MgATP
    2-
    + 18 H
    2
    O
    + 2OH
    -
    + 8 flavodoxin + 16 MgADP
    -
    + 16H
    2
    PO
    4
    -
    + H
    2
    nitrogenase
    Biological nitrogen fixation:
    2NH
    4
    +
    1. Rare, extremely energy consuming conversion
    because of stability of triply bonded N
    2
    2. Produces fixed N which can be directly
    assimilated into N containing biomolecules
    Ammonia assimilatory cycle:
    How nitrogen enters biological pathways
    NH
    4
    +

    Amino acids
    proteins
    Amino acids
    proteins
    purines
    pyrimidines
    -ketoglutarate glutamate
    GDH
    +
    glutamate glutamine + ATP + ADP + Pi
    GS
    +
    NH
    4
    +

    glutamine glutamate -ketoglutarate
    GOGAT
    +
    Pathway 1
    Pathway 2
    N
    2
    dinitrogen gas
    (78% of air)
    NH
    4
    +

    ammonium
    NO
    2
    -

    nitrite
    NO
    3
    -

    nitrate
    BIOSPHERE
    N
    2
    O
    nitrous oxide
    Denitrification
    Nitrogen fixation
    the Haber Process
    and lightning
    Denitrification
    nitrification
    The Nitrogen Cycle
    nitrification
    N
    2
    dinitrogen gas
    (78% of air)
    NH
    4
    +

    ammonium
    NO
    2
    -

    nitrite
    NO
    3
    -

    nitrate
    N
    2
    O
    nitrous oxide
    Prokaryotes
    Animals
    Plants
    assimilation
    nitrification
    uptake
    Biological nitrogen fixation
    consumption
    The Nitrogen Cycle
    In 1910 humans consumed 10% of total carbon fixed by photosynthesis, by
    2030 it is predicted that 80% will be used by humans.
    Estimated that 90% of population will live in tropical and subtropical areas
    where (protein-rich) plant sources contribute 80% of total caloric intake.
    A growing population must eat!
    Combined nitrogen is the most common limiting nutrient in agriculture
    Production of nitrogenous fertilizers has plateaued in recent years
    because of high costs and pollution

    Estimated 90% of applied fertilizers never reach roots and contaminate
    groundwater
    Consumes 1.4%
    of total fossil
    fuels annually
    Why chemical fertilizers arent the answer
    Host plant Bacterial symbiont

    Alfalfa Rhizobium meliloti
    Clover Rhizobium trifolii
    Soybean Bradyrhizobium japonicum
    Beans Rhizobium phaseoli
    Pea Rhizobium leguminosarum
    Sesbania Azorhizobium caulinodans


    Both plant and bacterial factors determine specificity
    Rhizobium-legume symbioses
    legume
    rhizobia
    Fixed nitrogen
    (ammonia)
    Fixed carbon
    (malate, sucrose)
    MEDICAGO
    (alfalfa)
    LOTUS
    (birdsfoot trefoil)
    Obvious signs of nodulation by common rhizobial species
    Pea Plant
    R. leguminosarum
    nodules
    Pink color is leghaemoglobin a protein
    that carries oxygen to the bacteroids
    Physiology of a legume nodule
    rhizosphere
    Flavonoids
    nod-gene
    inducers
    Nod-factor

    Very early events in the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis
    From Hirsch, 1992.
    New Phyto. 122, 211-237
    Rhizobium
    Formation of
    nodule primordia

    Bacteroid
    differentiation
    Nitrogen
    fixation
    Nod factor
    (specificity)
    Invasion through infection tube
    Attachment and infection
    Flavonoids
    (specificity)
    Enlargement of the
    nodule, nitrogen
    fixation and
    exchange of
    nutrients
    Nodule development
    The Nodulation Process
    Chemical recognition of roots and Rhizobium
    Root hair curling
    Formation of infection thread
    Invasion of roots by Rhizobia
    Cortical cell divisions and formation of nodule
    tissue
    Bacteria fix nitrogen which is transferred to
    plant cells in exchange for fixed carbon
    Inoculation of a mutated Sinorhizobium strain does
    not transfer fixed N to the plant
    Genes & Development
    11:1194, 1997
    wild-type mutant
    glnB10
    glnBP5
    6 days
    7 days
    wt
    wt
    Genes & Development
    11:1194, 1997
    Azorhizobium caulinodans
    Sesbania
    on
    Non-symbiotic nitrogen fixation
    Cyanobacteria
    Anabaena
    Nostoc
    Aquatic:
    Terrestrial and rhizosphere-associated:
    Azospirillum
    Azotobacter
    Acetobacter
    Klebsiella
    Clostridium
    Plant-associated nitrogen fixation:
    the endophytes and epiphytes
    Acetobacter diazotropicus
    Lives as an endophyte of sugarcane and various other monocots and some dicots
    On sugarcane
    The aquatic fern Azolla is the only fern that can fix nitrogen. It does
    so by virtue of a symbiotic association with a cyanobacterium
    (Anabaena azollae).
    -Co +Co
    A nitrogen-fixing fern
    Another cyanobacterium on the palm Welfia regia in an
    epiphyllic relationship
    It is believed that these bacteria transfer some % of fixed N to
    the plants through the leaf surfaces
    http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/3000/3054.html
    Symptoms of crown gall
    The End

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