1) Hydrostatic pressure acts perpendicular to submerged surfaces, creating forces.
2) The hydrostatic force on a curved surface can be found by integrating pressure over the surface area or by treating it as a plane surface with the projected area.
3) The buoyancy force on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced.
1) Hydrostatic pressure acts perpendicular to submerged surfaces, creating forces.
2) The hydrostatic force on a curved surface can be found by integrating pressure over the surface area or by treating it as a plane surface with the projected area.
3) The buoyancy force on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced.
1) Hydrostatic pressure acts perpendicular to submerged surfaces, creating forces.
2) The hydrostatic force on a curved surface can be found by integrating pressure over the surface area or by treating it as a plane surface with the projected area.
3) The buoyancy force on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced.
1) Hydrostatic pressure acts perpendicular to submerged surfaces, creating forces.
2) The hydrostatic force on a curved surface can be found by integrating pressure over the surface area or by treating it as a plane surface with the projected area.
3) The buoyancy force on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced.
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Hydrostatic Forces on Curved, Submerged Surfaces
Pressure is always acting
perpendicular to the solid surface since there is no shear motion in static condition. P P x
P z
x Z u x x P=Pcos( )i+Psin( )j Integrate over the entire surface dF=dF (Pcos( )i+Psin( )j)dA dF cos( ) sin( ) z x z z i dF j PdA PdA PdA dF PdA PdA u u u u u u + = = = = = = u u dA x =dAcos(u) dA z =dAsin(u) Projected Forces x x z dF cos( ) , sin( ) Integrate over the entire surface: F , F x Z Z x x x z z z PdA PdA dF PdA PdA dF PdA ghdA dF PdA ghdA u u
= = = = = = = = = = } } } } } } x Z Integrated over all elements h dA z
where is the fluid volume enclosed between the curved surface and the free surface. The force is equal to the weight of the total colume of fluid directly above the curved surface. The li z z F g hdA g = =
} ne action passes through the center of gravity of the volume of liquid being displaced. Buoyancy Force acting down F D = gV 1 from Force acting up F U = gV 2 from
Buoyancy = F U -F D
=g(V 2 -V 1 )=gV V: volume occupied by the object Horizontal Forces x Z Integrated over all elements h dA z
x F x x x dF PdA ghdA = = = } } } h dA x
Equivalent system: A plane surface perpendicular to the free surface Projected area A x
Finding F x is to determine the force acting on a plane submerged surface oriented perpendicular to the surface. A x is the projection of the curved surface on the yz plane. Similar conclusion can be made to the force in the y direction F y . x F x x x dF PdA ghdA = = = } } } Examples Determine the magnitude of the resultant force acting on the hemispherical surface. 2 m R=0.5 m z x x x 2 2 x F A is the projection of the sphere along the x direction and it has a shape of a circle A = (0.5) 0.785( ) (1000)(9.8)(2)(0.785) 15386( ) ( ) (1000) x x C x x z z z PdA g ydA gh A m F N F PdA g zdA g g
t
+ = = = = = = = = = = = } } } } ( ) ( ) 3 1 4 (9.8) 2564( ) 2 3 R N t = minus equals 15386 2564 The line of action of the force must go through the center of the hemisphere, O (why?) x z F F i F k i k = + = Line of Action Horizontal direction: line of action goes through z z z C
4
2 4 ' (2) (2) 2.03125( ) xx C C R I z z Az R m t t = + = + = Vertical direction: the line of action is 3R/8 away from the center of the hemisphere Projection in x-direction location of the centroid for a hemisphere is 3R/8=0.1875(m) away from the equator plane The resultant moment of both forces with respect to the center of the hemisphere should be zero: F x (2.03125-2)-F z (0.1875) =15386(0.03125)-2564(0.1875)=0 z
