CS 546: Module 2

Spring 2014
Outline
Horizontal and Vertical Asymptotes
Local minimum/maximum
Inflection points
Antiderivative/Integral
Definite Integral

definition: horizontal asymptote
example

Here we see that as x
approaches negative
infinity and positive
infinity y approaches
0.
recipe for finding
horizontal asymptotes
(1) Find the limit of the function as x approaches infinity


(2) Find the limit of the function as x approaches negative infinity

recipe for finding the limit of a
fractional polynomial as the
variable approaches infinity
recipe for finding the horizontal
asymptote of a fractional
polynomial as the variable
approaches infinity
example

recipe for finding the limit at
x approaches negative infinity
(1) Replace x with (-x)

(2) Find the limit as x goes to positive infinity instead

1
2
lim lim
2
+
+
=

x
x
y
x x
0 =
example

1 ) (
2 ) (
lim
2
+
+
=

x
x
x
1
2 1
lim
2
+
+
=

x
x
x
) 1 (
2 5
lim lim
3
3
+
+
=

x
x
y
x x
5
1
5
=

=
example

1
2 5
lim
3
3

+
=

x
x
x
) 1 (
2 5
lim lim
3
3
+
+
=

x
x
y
x x
5 =
example

) 1 ) ((
2 ) ( 5
lim
3
3
+
+
=

x
x
x
) 1 (
2 5
lim
3
3
+
+
=

x
x
x
1
2 5
lim
3
3
+
+
=

x
x
x
definition: vertical asymptote
example
1 = x
recipe for finding
horizontal asymptotes
Find the points where the function has a restriction on
the domain



example
1 = x
When x = 1, the function does not
exist, thus there is a restriction on
the domain when x = 1.
Derivatives
Last weeks module covered derivatives. What
can we use derivatives for?
graphing aid
finding critical points
Local and global maxima
Local and global minima
Points of inflection

example

x x h 2 ) ( ' =
2
) ( x x h =
x
) (x h
0 0 2 ) 0 ( ' = = = x h
2 1 2 ) 1 ( ' = = = x h
4 2 2 ) 2 ( ' = = = x h
x h(x) h(x)
-2 4 -4
-1 1 -2
0 0 0
1 1 2
2 4 4
By looking at the derivative, h(x), we can see that h(x) is decreasing when x is less
than 0 because the derivative is negative. We can also see that h(x) is increasing when
x is greater than 0 because the derivative is positive.
0 = x
5 . 1 = x
2 . 2 = x
8 . 2 = x
+

+

+
maximum

minimum

maximum

inflection point

In this plot we see that
there are two local maxima
and one local minimum.

Notice that right before the
local maximum the function
is increasing (the derivative
is positive), and right after
the local maximum the
function is decreasing (the
derivative is negative).

Notice that right before the
local minimum the function
is decreasing (the derivative
is negative), and right after
the local minimum the
function is increasing (the
derivative is positive).

There is also one inflection
point.
definition: inflection point
+

+

finding points of inflection
If a function has an inflection point, then its second derivative
equals 0 at this point. Thus, inflection points are among the points
at which the second derivative equals 0. So, to find inflection points
we first find the second derivative of a function, set it equal to zero
and then find the roots of the equation.

definition: second derivative
example

2
3 ) ( ' x x h =
3
) ( x x h =
? ) ( ' ' = x h
x x h 6 ) ( ' ' =
recipe for finding
critical points (local minima,
maxima and inflection points)
(1) Find the derivative of the function
Set the derivative equal to 0 and solve for x.
Plug in values between critical points to determine if the identified critical points
are local minima, local maxima, or inflection points.


(2) Find the second derivative of the function
Set the second derivative equal to 0 to find any points where a change in
concavity occurs.
Any additional critical points identified here will be inflection points.

Example: finding local
minimum/maximum

x
h(x) = e
x
(x+3)
1. Find the derivative
h(x) = e
x
(x+4)

Set the derivative equal to 0 and solve for x.
h(x) = e
x
(x+4) = 0
The function will equal 0 when e
x
= 0 (this never happens)
or when x+4 = 0 (this happens at -4).
x=-4 is either a minimum or a maximum.
2. Plug in values around this point
h(x=-3.9) = 0.002, h(x=-4.1) = -0.002
Since the derivative is positive before x=-4 (the function is
increasing) and negative after x=-4 (the function is
decreasing), x=-4 is a maximum.
Example: finding inflection
point

x
h(x) = e
x
(x+3), h(x) = e
x
(x+4)
1. Find the second derivative
h(x) = e
x
(x+5)

Set the second derivative equal to 0 and solve for x.
h(x) = e
x
(x+5) = 0
The function will equal 0 when e
x
= 0 (this never
happens) or when x+5 = 0 (this happens at -5).
The inflection point occurs at x=-5.
example

a. Horizontal or vertical asymptotes, if they exist.
b. Points of maximum or minimum, and the functions value at these points.
c. Inflection points and the value of the function at these points.
d. Describe the behavior of the graph of this function.

3 5
5 3 x x y =
3 5
5 3 x x y =
a. Horizontal or vertical asymptotes, if they exist.
example

If there is a restriction on the domain, then there will be a vertical asymptote on
the edge of that restriction. If , then there will be a vertical
asymptote at .
If the limits in (1) or (2) = (a constant, not infinity), then there is a horizontal
asymptote at .
recipe for finding
horizontal asymptotes
(1) Find the limit of the function as x approaches infinity
(2) Find the limit of the function as x approaches negative infinity
recipe for finding
vertical asymptotes
Find the points where the function has a restriction on the domain
) , ( ) , ( e c c x
c x =
c y =
c
Horizontal asymptotes:
(1) Find the limit of the function as x approaches infinity


=

3 5
5 3 lim x x
x
(2) Find the limit of the function as x approaches negative infinity

=

3 5
5 3 lim x x
x
example

3 5
5 3 x x y =
recipe for finding the limit at
x approaches negative infinity
(1) Replace x with (-x)

(2) Find the limit as x goes to positive infinity instead

Horizontal asymptotes:
(1) Find the limit of the function as x approaches infinity


=

3 5
5 3 lim x x
x
(2) Find the limit of the function as x approaches negative infinity

=

3 5
5 3 lim x x
x
= +

3 5
) ( 5 ) ( 3 lim x x
x

= +

3 5
5 3 lim x x
x
no horizontal asymptote!
example

3 5
5 3 x x y =
Find the points where the function has a restriction on the domain



Vertical asymptotes:
) , ( e x
no vertical asymptote!
example

3 5
5 3 x x y =
Points of maximum or minimum, and the functions value at these points.
example

3 5
5 3 x x y =
recipe for finding
critical points
(1) Find the derivative of the function
Set the derivative equal to 0 and solve for x. This will help us find points where the tangent
line is flat.
Plug in values between critical points to determine if the identified critical points are local
minima, local maxima, or inflection points.


(2) Find the second derivative of the function
Set the second derivative equal to 0 to find any points where a change in concavity occurs.
Any additional critical points identified here will be inflection points.

Find the derivative of the function
Set the derivative equal to 0 and solve for x. This will help us find
points where the tangent line is flat.
Plug in values between critical points to determine if the identified
critical points are local minima, local maxima, or inflection points.


2 4
15 15 ' x x y =
) 1 ( 15
2 2
= x x
0 =
) 1 )( 1 ( 15
2
+ = x x x
0 15
?
2
= x
0 ) 1 (
?
= + x
0 ) 1 (
?
= x

0 = x
1 = x
1 = x
critical
points!
minimum, maximum, or inflection point?
example

3 5
5 3 x x y =
example

0 = x 1 = x 1 = x




) 1 , ( ) 0 , 1 ( ) 1 , 0 ( ) , 1 (
2
2
1

2
1
2
2 4
15 15 ' x x y =
2 4
) 2 ( 15 ) 2 ( 15
2 4
)
2
1
( 15 )
2
1
( 15
2 4
)
2
1
( 15 )
2
1
( 15
2 4
) 2 ( 15 ) 2 ( 15
4 15 16 15 )
4
1
( 15 )
16
1
( 15 )
4
1
( 15 )
16
1
( 15 4 15 16 15
180
16
45
16
45
180
+ +
maximum inflection
point
minimum
Range
Test Point
Derivative of
the function at
the test point
Increasing (+)
or Decreasing (-)
3 5
5 3 x x y =
example

0 = x 1 = x 1 = x
maximum inflection
point
minimum
) 0 , 0 ( ) 2 , 1 ( ) 2 , 1 (
3 5
) 1 ( 5 ) 1 ( 3 = y
2 = y
2 4
15 15 ' x x y =
3 5
5 3 x x y =
example

c. Inflection points and the value of the function at these points.
3 5
5 3 x x y =
recipe for finding
critical points
(1) Find the derivative of the function
Set the derivative equal to 0 and solve for x. This will help us find points where the tangent
line is flat.
Plug in values between critical points to determine if the identified critical points are local
minima, local maxima, or inflection points.


(2) Find the second derivative of the function
Set the second derivative equal to 0 to find any points where a change in concavity occurs.
Any additional critical points identified here will be inflection points.

example

Find the second derivative of the function
Set the second derivative equal to 0 to find any points where a change
in concavity occurs.
Any additional critical points identified here will be inflection points.

x x y 30 60 ' '
3
=
) 1 2 ( 30
2
= x x
0 =
0 30
?
= x
0 ) 1 2 (
?
2
= x

0 = x
2
1
= x
inflection
points!
1 2
2
= x
2
1
2
= x
2
1
2
= x
3 5
5 3 x x y =
2 4
15 15 ' x x y =
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
example

maximum
inflection point
minimum
+ +
0 = x 1 = x 1 = x
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
example

maximum
inflection point
minimum
inflection point
inflection point
the setting: antiderivatives
Given:
) (x f
Find:
) (x F
such that
) ( ) ( ' x f x F = dx x f
}
) (
example

Find: such that
) (x F
The derivative of what function will give us x
3
?
Given:
) (x f
3
) ( ' x x F =
3
x =
=
}
dx x
3
Given:
) (x f
Find:
) (x F
such that
) ( ) ( ' x f x F =
the setting: antiderivatives
c x F dx x f + =
}
) ( ) (
integral sign
integrand
take integral
with respect to x
antiderivative
constant of
integration
dx x f
}
) (
example

Find: such that
3
) ( ' x x F =
) (x F
3
x =
=
}
dx x
3
Given:
) (x f
c x F dx x f + =
}
) ( ) (
c x dx x + =
}
4 3
4
1
4
4
1
) ( , x x F =
3 1 4
4
4
1
) ( ' x x x F = =

The derivative of what function will give us x
3
?
antiderivative power rule
c
n
x
dx x
n
n
+
+
=
+
}
1
1
n
x x f = ) (
If then
1
) (
1
+
=
+
n
x
x F
n
= ) (x F
1
1
+
+
n
x
n
= ) ( ' x F
1
) 1 (
1 1
+
+
+
n
x
n
n
n
x = ) (x f =
antiderivative power rule
=
}
dx x
n
x
n
x
n 1 + n 1 + n
1 + n
example

=
}
dx x
3
c
x
+ =
4
4
c x + =
4
4
1
c
n
x
dx x
n
n
+
+
=
+
}
1
1
c
n
x
dx x
n
n
+
+
=
+
}
1
1
3 , = n
c
x
dx x +
+
=
+
}
1 3
1 3
3
4
4
1
) ( x x F =
3 1 4
4
4
1
) ( ' x x x F = =

example

=
}
dx x
c
x
+ =
2
2
c x + =
2
2
1
c
n
x
dx x
n
n
+
+
=
+
}
1
1
c
n
x
dx x
n
n
+
+
=
+
}
1
1
1 , = n
c
x
dx x +
+
=
+
}
1 1
1 1
1
2
2
1
) ( x x F =
3 1 2
2
2
1
) ( ' x x x F = =

| |
} } }
+ = + dx x g dx x f dx x g x f ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
properties of indefinite integrals

example

= +
}
dx x x
3
= +
} }
dx x dx x
3
| |
} } }
+ = + dx x g dx x f dx x g x f ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
example

=
}
dx x
3
c
x
+ =
4
4
c x + =
4
4
1
c
n
x
dx x
n
n
+
+
=
+
}
1
1
c
n
x
dx x
n
n
+
+
=
+
}
1
1
3 , = n
c
x
dx x +
+
=
+
}
1 3
1 3
3
4
4
1
) ( x x F =
3 1 4
4
4
1
) ( ' x x x F = =

example

=
}
dx x
c
x
+ =
2
2
c x + =
2
2
1
c
n
x
dx x
n
n
+
+
=
+
}
1
1
c
n
x
dx x
n
n
+
+
=
+
}
1
1
1 , = n
c
x
dx x +
+
=
+
}
1 1
1 1
1
2
2
1
) ( x x F =
3 1 2
2
2
1
) ( ' x x x F = =

| |
} } }
+ = + dx x g dx x f dx x g x f ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
c x G x F + + = ) ( ) (
example

= +
}
dx x x
3
= +
} }
dx x dx x
3
|
.
|

\
|
+ = c x
4
4
1
( )
2 1
2 4
2
1
4
1
c c x x + + + =
1
|
.
|

\
|
+ c x
2
2
1
+
2
properties of indefinite integrals

| |
} } }
+ = + dx x g dx x f dx x g x f ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
} }
= dx x f k dx x f k ) ( ) (
c x G x F + + = ) ( ) (
example

Find: such that
2 ) ( ' = x F ) (x F
2 =
=
}
dx 2
Given:
) (x f
The derivative of what function will give us 2?
=
}
dx x
0
2
} }
= dx x f k dx x f k ) ( ) (
2 , ) (
0
= = k x x f
} }
= dx x dx x
0 0
2 2 c
x
+ =
1
2
1
c x + = 2
helpful hints

When you are asked for the antiderivative of a function, f(x),
then you are looking for the function whose derivative is
equal to f(x)

You can always (and should!) check your work to see if your
answer is correct by taking the derivative to make sure that it
is equal to f(x)

Use the properties of derivatives to help break the problem
down into more approachable parts

Dont forget the constant of integration (the +c)
example

Find: such that
2 ) ( ' = x F ) (x F
2 =
=
}
dx 2
Given:
) (x f
The derivative of what function will give us 2?
=
}
dx x
0
2
} }
= dx x f k dx x f k ) ( ) (
2 , ) (
0
= = k x x f
} }
= dx x dx x
0 0
2 2 c
x
+ =
1
2
1
c x + = 2
antiderivative rules
c
n
x
dx x
n
n
+
+
=
+
}
1
1
=
}
dx e
x
c e
x
+
=
}
dx 1 c x+ =
}
dx
=
}
dx x
0
| | c dx x g dx x f dx x g x f + + = +
} } }
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
c dx x f k dx x f k + =
} }
) ( ) (
1 , = n
the setting: indefinite integral
c x F dx x f + =
}
) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( a F b F x F dx x f
b
a
b
a
= =
}
the setting: definite integral
) ( ) ( ' x f x F =
where
If is continuous on the interval from a to b ) (x f
limits of integration
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( a F b F x F dx x f
b
a
b
a
= =
}
the setting: definite integral
) ( ) ( ' x f x F =
where
If is continuous on the interval from a to b ) (x f
limits of integration
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( a F b F x F dx x f
b
a
b
a
= =
}
fundamental theorem of calculus
) ( ) ( ' x f x F =
where
If is continuous on the interval from a to b ) (x f
limits of integration
1.
Integrate the function

2.
Evaluate the antiderivative at the upper limit

3.
Evaluate the antiderivative at the lower limit

4.
Subtract the value found in step 3 from the value found in
step 2.

recipe for performing
definite integration
example

=
}
dx x
2
0
2 c
x
+
2
2
2
2
0
c x + =
2
2
0
c + =
2
2 c +
2
0
4 =
example

=
}
dx x
2
1
3
4
4
x 2
1
4
2
4
=
4
1
4

4
1
4 =
4
3
3 =
example

4 2
2
0
=
}
dx x
2
4
Area h b =
2
1
4 2
2
1
=
4 =
example

4 4 0 ) 2 ( 0 2
2 2
0
2
2
0
2
= = = =

}
x dx x
2
4
Area h b =
2
1
4 2
2
1
=
4 =
example

=
}
dx x
2
1
3
4
3
3
properties of definite integrals

=
}

dx x
1
1
3
example

0
4
1
4
1
=
=

1
1
4
4
x