Instrumentation

Instrumentation - Sensors and actors

Instrumentation - Capteurs et actionneurs
Instrumentierung - Sensoren und Aktoren

courtesy ABB
Industrial Automation
Automation Industrielle
Industrielle Automation
2/52 2.1 Instrumentation Industrial Automation
2.1.1 Market
2.1 Instrumentation
2.1.1 Market
2.1.2 Binary instruments
2.1.3 Analog Instruments
2.1.4 Actors
2.1.5 Transducers
2.1.6 Instrumentation diagrams
2.1.7 Protection classes
2.2 Control
2.3 Programmable Logic Controllers
3/52 2.1 Instrumentation Industrial Automation
The instrumentation market
Emerson (Fisher-Rosemount): 27 %
Invensys: 4-5%
ABB: 4-5%
Honeywell: 3-4%


one dominant player a lot of small players
4/52 2.1 Instrumentation Industrial Automation
Example Nuclear power plant
Nombre de capteurs et dactionneurs pour une tranche et selon les paliers
(number of sensors and actors for each slice and according to the level)
Capteur ou actionneur
Tranches
900 MW
Tranches
1300 MW
Tranches
1450 MW
Capteurs tout ou rien
(binary sensors)
1 930 1 560 1 660
Fins de course de vannes manuelles et de registres
(position sensor for manual valves and dampers
330 140 700
Capteurs analogiques (mesures)
(analog sensors)
1 360 2 050 2 280
Appareils de coupure 6,6 / 7,2 kV
(circuit breakers 6,6 / 7,2 kV)
40 95 74
Contacteurs 380 V
(switches 380V)
340 600 540
Vannes motorises
(motor valves)
190 300 250
Robinets pneumatiques TOR
(on-off pneumatic switches)
480 470 670
Vannes rglantes
(proportional valves)
180 500 110
Jean CHABERT, Bernard APPELL, Guy GUESNIER, 1998
5/52 2.1 Instrumentation Industrial Automation
Concepts
instruments = sensors (capteurs, Messgeber) and actors (actionneurs, Stellglieder)

binary (on/off) and analog (continuous) instruments are distinguished.

industrial conditions:

temperature range commercial: (0C to +70C)
industry (-40C..+85C)
extended industrial(40C..+125C)

mechanical resilience (shocks and vibrations) EN 60068
protected against Electro-Magnetic (EM)-disturbances EN 55022, EN55024)
sometimes NEMP-protected (Nuclear EM Pulse) - water distribution, civil protection
protection against water and moisture (IP67=completely sealed, IP20 = normal)
easy mounting and replacement
robust connectors
DC-powered (24V= because of battery back-up, sometimes 48V=)
6/52 2.1 Instrumentation Industrial Automation
2.1.2 Binary Instruments
2.1 Instrumentation
2.1.1 Market
2.1.2 Binary instruments
2.1.3 Analog Instruments
2.1.4 Actors
2.1.5 Transducers
2.1.6 Instrumentation diagrams
2.1.7 Protection classes
2.2 Control
2.3 Programmable Logic Controllers
7/52 2.1 Instrumentation Industrial Automation
Binary position measurement
binary sensors (Geber, "Initiator", indicateur "tout ou rien"):

micro-switch (Endschalter, contact fin de course) +cheap, -wear, bouncing

optical sensor (Lichtschranke, barrire optique) +reliable, -dust or liquid sensitive

magnetic sensor (Nherungsschalter, dtecteur de proximit) +dust-insensitive, - magnetic

8/52 2.1 Instrumentation Industrial Automation
Binary Signal processing
Physical attachment
Level adaptation,
Galvanical separation
EMC barrier (against sparks, radio, disturbances)

Acquisition
Convert to standard levels
Relay contacts 24V (most frequent), 48V, 110V (electrical substations)
Electronic signals 24V >10V-60V,
Output: 0..24V@100mA
Counter inputs: Gray, BCD or binary

Processing
Filtering (e.g. 0..8 ms filter),
Plausibility (Antivalenz, Antivalence),
Bounce-free (Entprellen, Anti-rebond)


9/52 2.1 Instrumentation Industrial Automation
2.1.3 Analog Instruments
2.1 Instrumentation
2.1.1 Market
2.1.2 Binary instruments
2.1.3 Analog Instruments
2.1.3.1 Position and speed
2.1.3.2 Temperature
2.1.3.3 Hydraulic
2.1.4 Actors
2.1.5 Transducers
2.1.6 Instrumentation diagrams
2.1.7 Protection classes
2.2 Control
2.3 Programmable Logic Controllers
10/52 2.1 Instrumentation Industrial Automation
Repeatability and accuracy
Not repeatable
Not accurate
Not repeatable
Accurate
Repeatable
Not accurate
Repeatable
Accurate
11/52 2.1 Instrumentation Industrial Automation
2.1.3.1 Analog mechanical position
potentiometer
capacitive
balanced transformer (LVDT)
(linear or sin/cos encoder)
strain gauges
piezo-electric
+cheap, -wear, bad resolution
+cheap, -bad resolution
+reliable, robust - small displacements
+reliable, very small displacements
+extremely small displacements
12/52 2.1 Instrumentation Industrial Automation
Variable differential transformer (LVTD)
The LVDT is a variable-reluctance device, where a primary center coil establishes a
magnetic flux that is coupled through a mobile armature to a symmetrically-wound
secondary coil on either side of the primary.
Two components comprise the LVDT: the mobile armature and the outer transformer
windings. The secondary coils are series-opposed; wound in series but in opposite
directions.
source: www.sensorland.com
When the moving armature is centered between the two series-opposed secondaries, equal magnetic
flux couples into both secondaries; the voltage induced in one half of the secondary winding is 180
degrees out-of-phase with the voltage induced in the other half of the secondary winding.
When the armature is moved out of that position, a voltage proportional to the displacement appears
13/52 2.1 Instrumentation Industrial Automation
Capacitive angle or position measurement
C =
A
d
a

a
fixed
movable
capacitance is evaluated by
modifying the frequency of
an oscillator
14/52 2.1 Instrumentation Industrial Automation
Small position measurement: strain gauges
R = r
l
A
l
2
V
A
= r
volume = constant, r = constant
l"
temperature compensation
by dummy gauges
frequently used in buildings, bridges,
dams for detecting movements.
Principle: the resistance of a wire with resistivity increases when this wire is stretched:
l'
Dehnungsmessstreifen (DMS), jauges de contrainte
l
2
U
U
o
R
1
measure
R
2
compensation
R
4
R
3
measurement in bridge
(if U
0
= 0: R
1
R
4
= R
2
R
3
)
= resistivity
15/52 2.1 Instrumentation Industrial Automation
Piezo-electrical effect
source: Kistler

Piezoelectric materials (crystals) change form when an electrical field is applied to them.
Conversely, piezoelectric materials produce an electrical field when deformed.
Quartz transducers exhibit remarkable properties that justify their large
scale use in research, development, production and testing.
They are extremely stable, rugged and compact.
Of the large number of piezoelectric materials available today, quartz is
employed preferentially in transducer designs because of the following
excellent properties:
high material stress limit, around 100 MPa (~ 14 km water depth)
temperature resistance (up to 500C)
very high rigidity, high linearity and negligible hysteresis
almost constant sensitivity over a wide temperature range
ultra high insulation resistance (10+
14
ohms) allowing low
frequency measurements (<1 Hz)
16/52 2.1 Instrumentation Industrial Automation
Force measurement
Force / Torque / Weight / Pressure is measured by small displacements (F = k x):

- piezo-electrical transducers
- strain gauges

Acceleration is measured by way of force / displacement measurement (F = M g)
17/52 2.1 Instrumentation Industrial Automation
Principle of optical encoding
courtesy Parker Motion & Control
Optical encoders operate by means of a grating that moves between a light source and a
detector. The detector registers when light passes through the transparent areas of the grating.
For increased resolution, the light source is collimated and a mask is placed between the grating
and the detector. The grating and the mask produce a shuttering effect, so that only when their
transparent sections are in alignment is light allowed to pass to the detector.
An incremental encoder generates a pulse for a given increment of shaft rotation (rotary encoder),
or a pulse for a given linear distance travelled (linear encoder). Total distance travelled or shaft
angular rotation is determined by counting the encoder output pulses.
An absolute encoder has a number of output channels, such that every shaft position may be
described by its own unique code. The higher the resolution the more output channels are
required.
18/52 2.1 Instrumentation Industrial Automation
courtesy Parker
Motion & Control
Absolute digital position: Grey encoder
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 0 15
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 0 15
LSB
MSB
LSB
MSB
straight binary: if all bits were to change at about the same time: glitches
Grey: only one bit changes at a time: no glitch
Grey disk (8 bit)
19/52 2.1 Instrumentation Industrial Automation
Analog speed measurement: tachometer

angular speed
Ui ~ d / dt,
f ~
transducer
analog: 4..20 mA

digital: 010110110
a simple tachometer is a rotating permanent magnet that induces a voltage into a stator
winding.

this voltage is converted into an analog voltage or current, later converted to a digital
value,

alternatively, the frequency of the signal can be measured to yield directly a digital value
20/52 2.1 Instrumentation Industrial Automation
2.1.3.2 Temperature measurement
the most frequently measured value in industry
www.omega.com
Thermowell
Extension Assemblies
Protection and
head assembly
21/52 2.1 Instrumentation Industrial Automation
Temperature measurement
Spectrometer:
measures infrared radiation by photo-sensitive semiconductors
+ highest temperature, measures surfaces, no contact
- highest price
Thermistance (RTD - resistance temperature detector):
metal whose resistance depends on temperature:
+ cheap, robust, high temperature range ( -180C ..600C),
- require current source, non-linear.
Thermistor (NTC - negative temperature coefficient):
semiconductor whose resistance depends on temperature:
+ very cheap, sensible,
- low temperature, imprecise, needs current source, strongly non-linear, fragile, self-heating
Thermo-element (Thermoelement, thermocouple):
pair of dissimilar metals that generate a voltage proportional to the
temperature difference between warm and cold junction (Seebeck effect)
+ high precision, high temperature, punctual measurement
- low voltage, requires cold junction compensation, high amplification, linearization
Bimetal (Bimetall, bilame):
mechanical (yes/no) temperature indicator using the difference in the dilatation
coefficients of two metals, very cheap, widely used (toasters...)
22/52 2.1 Instrumentation Industrial Automation
Thermo-element and Thermo-resistance
Thermo-element
(Thermocouple)
Thermoresistance
(semiconductor or metal)
Platinum (Pt 100)
Fe-Const
also: Pt/Rh - Pt

2
1
Fe
Constantan
Cu
Cu
U (
2
-
1
)
U
i = constant

4
2 or 4 wire connection (to compensate voltage drop)
2,3- or 4-wire connection
reference temperature
(cold junction)
4..20 mA
4..20 mA

measured temperature
(hot junction)
two dissimilar
electrical
conductors
one material whose
resistance is
temperature-
dependent
extension
wire
23/52 2.1 Instrumentation Industrial Automation
Cold junction box
24/52 2.1 Instrumentation Industrial Automation
2.1.3.3 Hydraulic measurements
Flow,
Mass Flow,
Level,
Pressure,
Conductivity,
pH-Sensor,
Viscosity,
Humidity,
special requirements: intrinsic safety = explosive environment, sea floor = high pressure
25/52 2.1 Instrumentation Industrial Automation
Level measurement
pulsed laser

load cell

pulsed microwave

nuclear

ultrasonic (40-60 kHz)

low power ultrasonic

detector
row
see Control Engineering, Aug 2003
F = mg
26/52 2.1 Instrumentation Industrial Automation
Flow measurement
Distinguish:
volumetric flow ( m
3
/s)
mass flow: (kg / s)
identical when the density of the liquid is constant

main methods:
-floater
-turbine
-pressure difference
-vortex
-temperature gradient
-ultrasonic
-electrodynamics
27/52 2.1 Instrumentation Industrial Automation
Flow velocity measurement: differential pressure
occultation
(Verengung)
membrane
the flow velocity is proportional to the square root of the pressure difference
piezo-electric
sensor
p
2
- p
1
= r v
2
1

2

(Bernoulli effect)
p
2
p
1
v

fluid of
viscosity r
occultation
(Blende)
28/52 2.1 Instrumentation Industrial Automation
Flow measurement
Other means:

Magnetic-dynamic
Coriolis
Ultra-sound
29/52 2.1 Instrumentation Industrial Automation
Flow measurement in a plant
30/52 2.1 Instrumentation Industrial Automation
2.1.4 Actors
2.1 Instrumentation
2.1.1 Market
2.1.2 Binary instruments
2.1.3 Analog Instruments
2.1.4 Actors
2.1.5 Transducers
2.1.6 Instrumentation diagrams
2.1.7 Protection classes
2.2 Control
2.3 Programmable Logic Controllers
31/52 2.1 Instrumentation Industrial Automation
Actors (Actuators)
About 10% of the field elements are actors (that influence the process).
Actors can be binary (on/off) or analog (e.g. variable speed drive)

The most common are:
- electric contactors (relays)
- heating elements
- pneumatic and hydraulic movers (valve, pump)
- electric motors (rotating and linear)
Solenoids,
DC motor
Asynchronous Motors (Induction)
Synchronous motors
Step motors, reluctance motors

Actors are controlled by the same electrical signal levels as sensors use
(4..20mA, 0..10V, 0..24V, etc.) but at higher power levels (e.g. to directly move a
contactor (disjoncteur).
Stellantriebe, Servomoteurs
32/52 2.1 Instrumentation Industrial Automation
Drives (variateurs de vitesse, Stellantriebe)
Variable speed drives control speed and acceleration and protect the motor
(over-current, torque, temperature).
High-power drives can feed back energy to the grid when braking (inverters).
Drives is an own market (Automation & Drives)
simple motor control cabinet for power of > 10 kW small drive control < 10 kW
(Rockwell)
Motors and drives are separate businesses
33/52 2.1 Instrumentation Industrial Automation
Linear Motors
source: LinMot (/www.linmot.com)
34/52 2.1 Instrumentation Industrial Automation
Hydraulics and fluidics
Pumps, valves, rods,
source: www.bachofen.ch
fluidic switches
switchboard ("Ventilinsel")
the most widespread actor in industry
(lightweight, reliable, cheap)
I/P or E/P = electro-pneumatic transducers
35/52 2.1 Instrumentation Industrial Automation
2.1.5 Transducers
2.1 Instrumentation
2.1.1 Market
2.1.2 Binary instruments
2.1.3 Analog Instruments
2.1.4 Actors
2.1.5 Transducers
2.1.6 Instrumentation diagrams
2.1.7 Protection classes
2.2 Control
2.3 Programmable Logic Controllers
36/52 2.1 Instrumentation Industrial Automation
Transducer
A transducer converts the information supplied by a sensor (piezo, resistance,)
into a standardized signal which can be processed digitally.

Some transducers have directly a digital (field bus) output and are integrated
in the sensor.

Other are located at distances of several meters from the sensor.
37/52 2.1 Instrumentation Industrial Automation
Example of analog transducer
Emergency panel
PLC
Control Room
Current

Transformer
0..1A rms
Field house
Transducer
4..20 mA
R = Load
High voltage
Protection
38/52 2.1 Instrumentation Industrial Automation
4-20 mA loop standard
The transducer acts as a current source which delivers a current between 4 and 20 mA,
proportional to the measurand (Messgrsse, valeur mesure).
Information is conveyed by a current, the voltage drop along the cable induces no error.
0 mA signals an error (wire disconnection)
The number of loads connected in series is limited by the operating voltage (10..24 V).
e.g. if (R1 + R2+ R3) = 1.5 k, i = 24 / 1.5 = 16 mA, which is < 20 mA: NOT o.k.)
Simple devices are powered directly by the residual current (4mA) allowing to transmit
signal and power through a single pair of wires.








Transducer
instrument

1
instrument

2
instrument

3
0, 4..20 mA
R1
R2 R3
Object
i = f(v)
10..24V
voltage
source

measurand
39/52 2.1 Instrumentation Industrial Automation
Analog measurements processing in the transducer
Acquisition (Erfassung/Saisie)
Correction of pressure and temperature measurement for moist gases,

correction of level in function of pressure,

power and energy computation, cumulative measurements
Range, Limit supervision, Wire integrity
Error report, diagnostic, disabling.

Combined measurement

Plausibility
Filtering against 50Hz/60Hz noise and its harmonics
Scaling,
Linearization of sensors (Pt100, Fe-Const), correction (square root for flow).
Averaging and Computation of Root Mean Square (Effektivwert, valeur efficace),
Analog-Digital Conversion

Shaping (Aufbereitung/conditionnement)
Normalized Signals: 0-10V, 2-10V, (0/4-20mA), 20mA,
Resistance thermometer (Pt100),

Thermo-element
40/52 2.1 Instrumentation Industrial Automation
2.1.6 Instrumentation diagrams: P&ID
2.1 Instrumentation
2.1.1 Market
2.1.2 Binary instruments
2.1.3 Analog Instruments
2.1.4 Actors
2.1.5 Transducers
2.1.6 Instrumentation diagrams
2.1.7 Protection classes
2.2 Control
2.3 Programmable Logic Controllers
41/52 2.1 Instrumentation Industrial Automation
Instrumentation Diagrams
Similarly to electrical schemas, the control industry (especially the chemical and
process industry) describes its plants and their instrumentation by a

P&ID (pronounce P.N.I.D.) (Piping and Instrumentation Diagram),
sometimes called P&WD (Piping and wiring diagrams)

The P&ID shows the flows in a plant (in the chemical or process industry) and the
corresponding sensors or actors.

At the same time, the P&ID gives a name ("tag") to each sensor and actor, along with
additional parameters.

This tag identifies a "point" not only on the screens and controllers, but also on the
objects in the field.
42/52 2.1 Instrumentation Industrial Automation
P&ID example
4, Combustor C2
2, Air Heater C1
3, SOFC Outlet
3, SOFC Inlet
TA51B
TI
TE TE TE PT
TA51A
TI
TA51C
TI
Chimney
Emission
Analysis
PT22
PI
TA22B
TI
TE TE TE PT
TA22A
TI
TA22C
TI
Process Air Exhaust
Blow Off Valve
BE
10 x
TE
TC2M1 - M10
TI
FLAMDETC2
BS
Ingnitor
Box
BE
10 x
TE
TC1M1 - M10
TI
Fuel Supply
S
SVGAS3
IC
Atmosphere
PT21
PI
TA21B
TI
TE TE TE PT
TA21A
TI
TA21C
TI
Rotary block valve
V52
IC
TE
TA62
TI
7, Heat
exchanger
6, Recuperator
TE
Latchable
Check Valve
S
SVGAS2
IC
FLAMDETC1
BS
TA32B
TI
TE TE TE
TA32C
TI
TA32A
TI
PT32
PI
PT
TY
I
P
Regulator Valve
TY
I
P
SVGAS1
IC
S
S
EMICO
E
EMIUHC
E
EMICO2
E
EMIO2
E
EMINOX
E
AIT
AIT
AIT
AIT
AIT
PT51
PI
F
r
o
m

s
a
m
p
l e

p
r
o
b
e

a
t
C
1

e
x
i t
TBVCOOL
IC
TBVDEP
IC
PT
TE
PT12
PI
TA12
TI
IGNITC2
IC
TW72
TI
PT
PT52
PI
TE
TA52
TI
G
AC Grid
Modulatable
Load
PCS
1,
C
5,
T
LOP
PI
SPEED
SI
PT ST
0
,

A
i r

I
n
l e
t
PT
TE
PT02
PI
TA02
TI
S
V12
IC
R
Ingnitor
Box C1
IGNITC1
IC
Piping and Instrumentation Diagram for MTG100FC Engine Tests
S
VPPWMC2
IC
FO
VMPWMC2
IC
S
S
VMPWMC1
IC
S
S
S
VPPWMC1
IC
FO
Fuel flow C2 MFM
Fuel flow C1 MFM
43/52 2.1 Instrumentation Industrial Automation
P&ID
The P&ID mixes pneumatic / hydraulic elements, electrical elements
and instruments on the same diagram

It uses a set of symbols defined in the ISA S5.1 standard.

Examples of pneumatic / hydraulic symbols:
pipe
valve
binary (or solenoid) valve (on/off)
350 kW
heater
vessel / reactor
pump, also
heat exchanger
analog valve (continuous)
one-way valve (diode)
44/52 2.1 Instrumentation Industrial Automation
Instrumentation identification
V1528
FIC
S
tag name of the
corresponding
variable
here: V1528
function
(here: valve)
mover
(here: solenoid)
The first letter defines the measured or initiating variables such as Analysis (A), Flow (F),
Temperature (T), etc. with succeeding letters defining readout, passive, or output functions such
as Indicator (I), Record (R), Transmit (T), see next slides, here: flow indicator digital
45/52 2.1 Instrumentation Industrial Automation
ISA S5.1 General instrument or function symbols


Primary location
accessible to
operator
Field mounted
Auxiliary location
accessible to
operator
Discrete
instruments
Shared
display, shared
control
Computer
function
Programmable
logic control
1. Symbol size may vary according to the user's needs and the type of document.
2. Abbreviations of the user's choice may be used when necessary to specify location.
3. Inaccessible (behind the panel) devices may be depicted using the same symbol but with a
dashed horizontal bar.
Source: Control Engineering with data from ISA S5.1 standard
46/52 2.1 Instrumentation Industrial Automation
Example of P&ID
FT101 is a field-mounted flow
transmitter connected via
electrical signals (dotted line) to
flow indicating controller FIC
101 located in a shared
control/display device
Square root extraction of the
input signal is part of FIC 101s
functionality.
The output of FIC 101 is an electrical signal to TY 101
located in an inaccessible or behind-the-panel-board location.
The output signal from TY 101
is a pneumatic signal (line with
double forward slash marks)
making TY 101 an I/P (current
to pneumatic transducer)
TT 101 and TIC 101 are
similar to FT 101 and FIC 101
but are measuring,
indicating, and controlling
temperature
TIC 101s output is connected
via an internal software or
data link (line with bubbles) to
the setpoint (SP) of FIC 101
to form a cascade control
strategy
47/52 2.1 Instrumentation Industrial Automation
The ISA code for instrument type


First letter


Measured or initiating variable Modifier
A Analysis


B Burner, combustion


C User's choice


D User's choice Differential
E Voltage


F Flow rate Ration (fraction)
G User's choice


H Hand


I Current (electrical)


J Power Scan
K Time, time schedule Time rate of change
L Level


M User's choice Momentary
N User's choice


O User's choice


P Pressure, vacuum


Q Quantity Integrate, totalizer
R Radiation


S Speed, frequency Safety
T Temperature


U Multivariable


V Vibration, mechanical analysis


W Weight, force


X Unclassified X axis
Y Event, state, or presence Y axis
Z Position, dimension Z axis
48/52 2.1 Instrumentation Industrial Automation
Common connecting lines
Connection to process, or
instrument supply
Pneumatic signal
Electric signal
Capillary tubing (filled system)
Hydraulic signal
Electromagnetic or sonic signal
(guided)
Internal system link
(software or data link)
Source: Control Engineering with data from ISA S5.1 standard

49/52 2.1 Instrumentation Industrial Automation
2.1.7 Protection Classes
2.1 Instrumentation
2.1.1 Market
2.1.2 Binary instruments
2.1.3 Analog Instruments
2.1.4 Actors
2.1.5 Transducers
2.1.6 Instrumentation diagrams
2.1.7 Protection classes
2.2 Control
2.3 Programmable Logic Controllers
50/52 2.1 Instrumentation Industrial Automation
German IP-Protection classes
2nd digit water

0 none

1 vertically falling

2 vertically dropping, 15 from vertical

3 spraying, 60 from vertical

4 spraying, any direction

5 jet, any direction

6 strong jet, any direction

protection against temporary dipping
(30 mn, 1 m)
protection against permanent dipping

9K water in high-pressure steam
washing
1st digit touching objects

0 none

1 large body object > 50 mm
surface
2 finger object >12.5 mm

3 tools, wires object > 2.5 mm

4 covered object >1 mm

5 dust

6 hermetical
for dust
e.g. IP 67 connector
51/52 2.1 Instrumentation Industrial Automation
Explosion protection
Instruments that operate in explosive environments
(e.g. petrochemical, pharmaceutical, coal mines,...) are subject to particular restrictions.

e.g.
They may not contain anything that can produce sparks or high heat,
such as electrolytic capacitors or batteries without current limitation.
Their design or programming may not be altered after their acceptance.
Their price is higher than that of standard devices because they have to undergo
strict testing (Typentest, type test) by a qualified authority (TV in Germany)

Such devices are called Eex - or "intrinsic safety devices" (Eigensichere Gerte, "Ex-Schutz",
protection anti-dflagrante, "Ex" ) and are identified by the following logo:
52/52 2.1 Instrumentation Industrial Automation
European Explosion-Proof Code
Eex-devices are "safe" (certified) to be used in an explosive environment.
They must have passed a type test at TF (Germany), UL (USA),...
Swiss Norm: "Verordnung ber Gerte und Schutzsysteme in explosionsgefhrdeten Bereichen"
53/52 2.1 Instrumentation Industrial Automation
Field Device: faceplate (movie)
54/52 2.1 Instrumentation Industrial Automation
Assessment
How are binary process variables measured ?
How are analogue process variables measured ?
How is temperature measured ?
What is the difference between a thermocouple and a thermoresistance ?
How is position measured (analog and digital) ?
What is a Grey encoder ?
How is speed measured ?
How is force measured ?
What is a P&ID ?
What is a transducer ?
How does a 4..20 mA loop operate ?