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Descriptive Statistics

This document provides an overview of descriptive statistics concepts including frequency distributions, measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode), measures of dispersion (range, standard deviation), and how to present data graphically using histograms, frequency polygons, and cumulative frequency polygons. It also discusses how to enter data and define variables in the statistical software package SPSS. Key steps for working with SPSS like defining variable names, types, labels and value labels are outlined.

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NADEEMSHEENSOL
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39 views

Descriptive Statistics

This document provides an overview of descriptive statistics concepts including frequency distributions, measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode), measures of dispersion (range, standard deviation), and how to present data graphically using histograms, frequency polygons, and cumulative frequency polygons. It also discusses how to enter data and define variables in the statistical software package SPSS. Key steps for working with SPSS like defining variable names, types, labels and value labels are outlined.

Uploaded by

NADEEMSHEENSOL
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LECTURE 02

Descriptive Statistics
MGT 601
Descriptive Statistics
Table 1: Wages of 120 workers in Dollars

67 63 57 85 67 60 75 55 67 68 51 54
45 57 64 68 67 86 63 60 98 83 76 70
56 50 74 74 67 77 61 85 66 66 60 61
58 56 56 57 60 60 63 64 85 80 75 75
57 58 59 58 58 61 62 91 74 72 57 73
61 86 64 91 64 64 61 62 69 57 81 66
65 81 82 76 77 81 76 66 62 63 62 63
60 60 72 72 79 70 70 58 78 58 71 76
60 60 65 65 66 65 73 73 71 73 66 73
67 68 69 68 73 68 74 68 67 76 52 79

Frequency distribution
Wages No of workers
45-51
52-58
59-65
3
18
33
66-72
73-79
80-86
87-93
94-100
29
23
11
2
1
Total 120
Frequency distribution




















Class
Boundaries
f
44.5-51.5
51.5-58.5
58.5-65.5
3
18
33
65.5-72.5
72.5-79.5
79.5-86.5
86.5-93.5
93.5-100.5
29
23
11
2
1
Total 120
Relative
frequency
Cumulative
frequency
0.025
0.150
0.275
3
3+18=21
21+33=54
0.242
0.191
0.092
0.017
0.008
54+29=83
83+23=106
106+11=117
117+2=119
119+1=120
Midpoints
(X)
48
55
62
69
76
83
90
97
Match Summary
Overs
s
c
o
r
e
0
1
2
3
4
Graphical Presentation of Data
One of the important functions of Statistics is to present
complex and unorganized (raw) data in such a manner that
it would easily be understandable at a glance. This is often
best accomplished by presenting the data in a pictorial (or
graphical) form.
Types of Graphs
1. Histogram
2. Frequency polygon
3. Frequency curve
4. Cumulative frequency polygon (Ogive)
We will use the frequency distribution (table) for presenting
these graphs.

Frequency Polygon
Cumulative Frequency Polygon (Ogive)
Measures of Central Tendency
Introduction
For practical purposes the condensation of data set into a frequency
distribution and the visual presentation are not enough. Particularly, when
two or more different data sets are to be compared.
A data set can be summarized in a single value. Such a value, usually
somewhere in the center and representing the entire data set, is a value at
which the data have the tendency to concentrate. The tendency of the
observations to cluster in the central part of the data set is called Central
Tendency and the methods of computing this central value are called
Measures of Central Tendency.
Main measures of Central Tendency or Averages
1. Arithmetic Mean
2. Median
3. Mode
Mean=67.658




















Class limits
f
45-51
52-58
59-65
3
18
33
66-72
73-79
80-86
87-93
94-100
29
23
11
2
1
Total 120
Mid-Points
(X)
48
55
62
69
76
83
90
97
fX
144
990
2046
2001
1748
913
180
97
8119
Median=66.948




















Class
Boundaries
f
44.5-51.5
51.5-58.5
58.5-65.5
3
18
33
65.5-72.5
72.5-79.5
79.5-86.5
86.5-93.5
93.5-100.5
29
23
11
2
1
Total 120
Cumulative
frequency
3
3+18=21
21+33=54
54+29=83
83+23=106
106+11=117
117+2=119
119+1=120
Mode=64.026




















Class
Boundaries
f
44.5-51.5
51.5-58.5
58.5-65.5
3
18
33
65.5-72.5
72.5-79.5
79.5-86.5
86.5-93.5
93.5-100.5
29
23
11
2
1
Measures of Dispersion
Introduction

It is quite possible that two or more data sets may have the
same average (mean, median, mode) but their individual
observations may differ considerably from the average.
Thus a value of central tendency does not adequately
describe the data. We therefore need some additional
information concerning how the data are dispersed about
the average. This is done by measuring the dispersion by
which we mean the extent to which the observations in a
sample or in a population vary about their mean. A
quantity that measures this characteristic, is called a
measure of dispersion, scatter, or variability.

Main Measures of Dispersion
i) Range
ii)Quartile Deviation.
iii)Mean Deviation.
iv)Standard Deviation/Variance.

Standard Deviation




















Class limits
f
45-51
52-58
59-65
3
18
33
66-72
73-79
80-86
87-93
94-100
29
23
11
2
1
Total 120
X
48
55
62
69
76
83
90
97
-19.658
-12.658
-5.658
1.342
8.342
15.342
22.342
29.342
X X
Statistical Package for the Social
Sciences - (SPSS)
Originally it is an acronym of Statistical
Package for the Social Science but now it
stands for Statistical Product and Service
Solutions

One of the most popular statistical packages
which can perform highly complex data
manipulation and analysis with simple
instructions
Opening SPSS
The default window will have the data
editor
There are two sheets in the window:
1. Data view 2. Variable view
Data View window
The Data View window
This window shows the actual data values and the
name of the variables.
Click on the tab labeled Variable View


Click
Variable view window
Name
The first character of the variable name must be alphabetic
Variable names must be unique, and have to be less than 64
characters.
Spaces are NOT allowed.
Variable View window: Type
Type
Click on the type box. The two basic types of variables that you
will use are numeric and string. This column enables you to
specify the type of variable.
Variable View window: Width
Width
Width allows you to determine the number of characters
SPSS will allow to be entered for the variable



Variable View window: Decimals
Decimals
Number of decimals
It has to be less than or equal to 16

3.14159265
Variable View window: Label
Label
You can specify the details of the variable
You can write characters with spaces up to 256
characters

Variable View window: Values
Values
This is used and to suggest which numbers
represent which categories when the variable
represents a category

Defining the value labels
Click the cell in the values column as shown below
For the value, and the label, you can put up to 60
characters.
After defining the values click add and then click OK.
Click
Practice 1
How would you put the following information into SPSS?
Value = 1 represents Male and Value = 2 represents Female
Name Gender Height
JAUNITA 2 5.4
SALLY 2 5.3
DONNA 2 5.6
SABRINA 2 5.7
JOHN 1 5.7
MARK 1 6
ERIC 1 6.4
BRUCE 1 5.9
Practice 1 (Solution Sample)
Click
Click
Saving the data
To save the data file you created simply click file and click
save as. You can save the file in different forms by clicking
Save as type.
Click

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