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Solid State Physics

1) Different types of bonds in solids include ionic, covalent, metallic, hydrogen, and van der Waals bonding. Ionic bonding results from the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions and gives materials that are crystalline, hard, and have high melting points. 2) Crystals grow via nucleation and the addition of atoms or molecules to form oriented lattices. Common crystal growth techniques include growth from solutions, vapors, and melts. 3) The arrangement of atoms in solids determines their properties. Crystalline solids have long-range order with atoms arranged in periodic patterns, while non-crystalline solids lack long-range order. Crystallography studies

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249 views38 pages

Solid State Physics

1) Different types of bonds in solids include ionic, covalent, metallic, hydrogen, and van der Waals bonding. Ionic bonding results from the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions and gives materials that are crystalline, hard, and have high melting points. 2) Crystals grow via nucleation and the addition of atoms or molecules to form oriented lattices. Common crystal growth techniques include growth from solutions, vapors, and melts. 3) The arrangement of atoms in solids determines their properties. Crystalline solids have long-range order with atoms arranged in periodic patterns, while non-crystalline solids lack long-range order. Crystallography studies

Uploaded by

rajasekar21
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SOLID STATE PHYSICS

Introduction
Closer collection of atom solid
Crystalline & non- crystalline
Bonds old te atoms to!eter in solids
Ty"es of #onds
Ionic #ondin!
Co$alent #ondin!
%etallic #ondin!
Hydro!en #ondin!
&an der 'aals #ondin!
Ionic bonding
Attracti$e force e(istin! #et'een a "ositi$e ion and ne!ati$e ion 'en tey are
#ro)!t to close "ro(imity
E(am"les*
+aCl, -Cl, -Br, %!O, etc
Properties
Crystalline in nat)re
Hard and #rittle
Hi! meltin! and #oilin! "oints
.ood ins)lators /stron! #ond0
sol)#le in "olar sol$ents1
Covalent bonding
Bondin! is #y &alence electron sarin!
properties:

Directional

E(i#it &aryin! "ysical "ro"erties


#eca)se of different #ond stren!t

E!* diamond , tin

Crystalline, ard and #rittle1

Com"ariti$ely lo' meltin! and #oilin!


"oints

.ood ins)lators at lo' tem"erat)res

2en do"ed 'it certain im")rities


semi cond)ctors
Metallic bonding

Array of "ositi$e metal ions em#edded


in a clo)d of free electrons
Properties:

3elati$ely 'ea4

%allea#le and d)ctile

+on directional

Ha$e i! n)m#er of free electrons

Possess i! electrical and termal


cond)cti$ity

O"a5)e to li!t
E(am"les*

Sodi)m, co""er, !old, sil$er,


al)mini)m1
Hydrogen bonding
2it ydro!en atom as te "ositi$e end of te di"ole
if #onds arise as a res)lt of electrostatic attraction
#et'een atoms1
Properties:
Bonds are directional
Stron! com"ared to di"ole di"ole interactions
Ha$e lo' meltin! "oints
.ood ins)lators as tey don6t a$e $alence electrons1
Sol)#le in #ot "olar and non "olar sol$ents1
Tey are trans"arent to li!t
Van der waals bonding
2ea4 and tem"orary di"ole #onds #et'een
ydro!en
Properties:
Bonds are non directional
2ea4er tan ydro!en #ondin!
Ha$e lo' meltin! "oints
.ood ins)lators
Sol)#le in #ot "olar and non "olar sol$ents
Trans"arent to li!t
E(am"les*
Solid neon, solid ar!on
Crystal growth

+)cleation

7e' atoms 8oin to!eter and form em#ryo/ "ro#a#ility to !ro'


f)rter is less0

7)rter !ro't critical n)cle)s

%olec)les !et oriented to a fi(ed lattice


Crystal Growth Techniques
91 .ro't from sol)tion

Idea*
omo!eneo)s soln -: solid (tals ; sol$ent
<1 .ro't from !as /$a"or0 "ase

Idea*
E$a"orate "o'der, de"osit $a"or onto seeds
=1 .ro't from li5)id /melt0 "ase

Idea*
%elt "oly(tals of desired materials, slo'ly cool
Growth from solution
Hydrotermal !ro't
Growth from melt
C>ocrals4i metod
Brid!man-Stoc4#ar!er metod
Growth from vapour
Cemical $a"o)r de"osition
Applications

ie!oelectric quart! crystal "oscillator# in


in$%et printing
Applications& sensor
1. Roll Empty Detection
2. Web Tensioning
3. Splice Detection
4. Web Tension Control
5. Web Break onitoring
!. Cylin"er an" #art
#osition
$. %nk &e'el Detection
application
Lasers

Laser "rinter

Ct" "latema4in!
&iolet /+eodymi)m-do"ed crystals0
Termal/I3 crystals li4e ?n.eP< ,
A!.aSe<, A!.aS<, .aSe 0
@$ ct" "lates /Ce*LiSA7 crystals0

.ra$)re cylinder "re"aration


Crystallograp(y

Crystallography is te science of te arran!ement of atoms in


solids1

Crystalline solids- atoms are arran!ed in a "eriodic manner


sin!le or "olycrystalline1

+on crystalline solids are called amor"o)s and a$e no


directional "ro"erties

Termal, electrical, mecanical and o"tical "ro"erties of crystals


de"end on teir str)ct)ral "ro"erties1

A- ray diffraction and ne)tron diffraction metods are )sed to


st)dy te crystal str)ct)re1
Space &attice
Lattice is te re!)lar !eometrical arran!ement of "oints in crystal s"ace1
Te atoms arran!e temsel$es in distinct "attern in s"ace is called a
Space Lattice1
Atoms in crystalline materials are arran!ed in a re!)lar = Dimensional
re"eatin! "attern 4no'n as Lattice Structure1
Tey are di$ided #y net'or4 of lines in to e5)al $ol)mes, te "oints of
intersection are 4no'n as Lattice Points1
)nit Cell

It is te smallest "ortion of te
lattice 'ic re"eated in all
directions1

=D $is)ali>ation of 9B S"ace
Lattices are 4no'n as Bravais
Space Lattice1

If a )nit cell contains lattice


"oints only at it6s corners, ten it
is called Primitive Unit Cell (or)
Simple Unit Cell.

Tree ed!e len!t (,y, & > and


tree intera(ial an!les C, D, & E
are termed as Lattice
Parameters1
Crystal System

It is a sceme #y 'ic crystal str)ct)res are classified accordin! to )nit


cell !eometry1
Types of Crystal Systems:
C)#ic
Tetra!onal
He(a!onal
Ortorom#ic
3om#oedral
%onoclinic
Triclinic
Simple Crystal Str*ct*re

+earest nei!#o)r distance/<r0

Atomic radi)s/r0

Coordination n)m#er/n0

Atomic "ac4in! factor/$F&0

Poloni)m is te only element tat e(i#it tis str)ct)re


'imple cubic structure
+earest nei!#o)r distance G <r G a
2ere aG lattice constant
Atomic radi)s rG aF<
Coordination n)m#erGH
Pac4in! factorG $ol)me of all atoms in an )nit cell
$ol)me of te )nit cell
Bo"y Centere" C*bic Str*ct*re +BCC,

@nit cell contains < atoms

Lattice Constant aG Br F I=,

'ere r is atomic radi)s Atomic "ac4in!


factor AP7 G J1HK

%etals are &anadi)m, %oly#den)m,


Titani)m, T)n!sten
-ace Centere" C*bic +-CC,

@nit cell contains B atoms

Lattice Constant aG Br F I<,


'ere r is atomic radi)s

Atomic "ac4in! factor AP7 G


J1L<

%etals are Co""er, Al)min)m,


Pos"oro)s, +ic4el, Co#alt etc
.e/agonal Close" #acke" Str*ct*re
+.C#,

@nit cell contains = atoms

Atomic "ac4in! factor AP7 G J1LB

%etals are ?inc, Cadmi)m, Berylli)m,


%a!nesi)m etc
iller %n"ices

%iller Indices is a system of notation tat denotes te


orientation of te faces of a crystal and te "lanes and
directions of atoms 'itin tat crystal1

iller !n"ices for Planes:


Intercepts ( a ) a ) a Intercepts ( a ) a ) * Intercepts ( + a ) a ) *
olymorphism and allotrophy
Te a#ility of a material to
a$e more tan one str)ct)re
in its solid state
If te can!e in str)ct)re is
re$ersi#le ten te
"olymor"ic can!e is
allotro"y
E(am"le* co#alt, car#on
Crystal Imperfections

Point im"erfection

Line im"erfection

S)rface im"erfection

&ol)me im"erfection
oint imperfection

&acancy atoms

Interstitial atoms

S)#stit)tional atoms
Vacancy
self-
interstiti
al
,-
oint .efects in an ionic crystal
/ren$el and 'chott$y
Schottky
Defect
Frenkel
Defect
0ine imperfection

Ed!e dislocation

Scre' dislocation
'crew dislocation
surface imperfections
/
c
0

<
J
J
=

B
r
o
o
4
s
F
C
o
l
e

P
)
#
l
i
s

i
n
!

F

T

o
m
s
o
n

L
e
a
r
n
i
n
!
volume imperfections
Stac4in! fa)lts
1uestions

2ic amon! te follo'in! as i!er #ond stren!t


Ionic #ondin!
Co$alent #ondin!
%etallic #ondin!
Hydro!en #ondin!
#ns$er: !onic %on"ing
1uestions

2at is te miller indices of te !i$en crystal "lane


Ans'er* <9J
1uestions

E(am"le for sim"le c)#ic str)ct)re


Ans'er* "oloni)m

'at are te t'o Allotro"ic forms of car#on


Ans'er* !ra"ite and diamond

+ame te t'o ty"es of "oint im"erfections in an ionic crystal


Ans'er* fren4el and scott4y

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