Matlab Tutorial

Fundamentals of programming Using

Matlab

By: IEEE Student Branch

Lakehead University, Thunder
Bay
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Tutorial Plan
 1. MATLAB Basics
 2. Plotting
 3. Continuous Time System Analysis
 4. Discrete-Time System Analysis
 5. Loading and Saving Data
 6. Introduction to Simulink

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1. MATLAB Basics
 A. Definition of Variables
- Variables are assigned numerical values by typing the
expression directly, for example: a = 1+2
yields: a = 3
- The answer will not be displayed when a semicolon is
put at the end of an expression, for example type a =
1+2;
Predefined variables which can be used at any time:
 i: sqrt(-1), j: sqrt(-1), pi: 3.1416...
 complex number example:

y= 2*(1+4*j)
yields: y = 2.0000 + 8.0000i

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 B. Definition of Matrices
 MATLAB is based on matrix and vector algebra; even scalars are treated
as 1x1 matrices
Lets creates a 1x4 vector with elements 1, 3, 5 and 7
v = [1 3 5 7];
twoXthree= [1 2 4; 3 6 8];
 [M,N] = size(twoXthree) returns the number of rows (2) and
columns (3) in separate output variables.
Lets creates the matrices: t = 0:10; x = cos(t*pi);
x with elements equal to cos(t*pi) for t = 0, 1,..., 10.
X [cos(0) cos(pi) cos(2*pi)…..cos(10*pi)]

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 Matrix
 Solve the following equation:
X+Y=5; 2X+Y=7; %use CAP
Cramers Rule to solve a 2x2 matrix:
A=[1 1;2 1]; C=[5; 7];
Solution [X Y]  inv(A)*C’
 [X Y]=[2 3]

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 C. General Information
 Matlab is case sensitive so "a" and "A" are two different names.
 Comment statements are preceded by a “%”
 help for MATLAB can be reached by typing help
 format of the display:
- format short e; Floating point format with 5 digits.
- format long e; Floating point format with 15 digits.
 The commands who and whos give the names of the variables
that have been defined in the workspace.
 The command length(x) returns the length of a vector x and
size(x) returns the dimension of the matrix x.
- length(x): 11
- size(x): 1 11

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 D. M-files
 M-files are macros of MATLAB commands that are
stored as ordinary text files with the extension "m", that
is filename.m
 example of an M-file that defines a function, create a file
in your working directory named yplusx.m that contains
the following commands:
Write this file:
function z = yplusx(y,x)
z = y + x;
-save the above file(2lines) as yplusx.m
x = 2; y = 3;
z = yplusx(y,x)  5
 Get input by prompting on m-file:
T = input('Input the value of T: ')

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 2. Plotting
 Commands covered: plot, xlabel, ylabel, title grid, axis,
stem, subplot
 xlabel('time (sec)'); ylabel('step response'); title('My Plot');

Eg:To plot more than one graph on the screen, use the
command subplot(mnp) which partitions the screen into an
mxn grid where p determines the position of the particular
graph counting the upper left corner as p=1. For example,
 subplot(211),semilogx(w,magdb);

 subplot(212),semilogx(w,phase);

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3D - Plotting example
 x=[0:10]; y=[0:10]; z=x’*y;
 mesh(x,y,z); title(‘3-D Graph’);

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 3. Continuous Time
System Analysis
 A. Transfer Function Representation
 Comments: tf2zp, zp2tf, cloop, feedback
 Eg: num = [2 3];
den = [1 4 0 5];

TF2ZP Transfer function to zero-pole conversion

- zeros, poles and gain of a transfer function from the vectors num and de
[z,p,k]=tf2zp(num,den)
z = -1.5000 p = -4.2737, 0.1369 + 1.0729i, 0.1369 - 1.0729i k=2
-[num,den] = zp2tf(z,p,k)
From zeros, poles and gain, we can get the TF using zp2tf

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B. Time Simulations
Commands covered: residue, step,
impulse, lsim
Eg: num = 1; den = [1/2 1];
t = 0:3/300:3; % for a time constant of 1/2
y = step(num,den,t);
plot(t,y) OR step(tf(num,den));

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Continuous Time System
Analysis continue
C. Frequency Response
Plots
 Commands covered:

bode, Freqs, logspace,

log10, semilogx, unwrap
Eg: bode(tf([1],[1 1]));
1/s+1
D. Analog Filter Design
 Commands covered:

butter,cheby, zp2tf

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4. Discrete-Time System
Analysis
A. Convolution
Commands covered: conv, deconv
- The behavior of a linear, continuous-time, time-invariant
system with input signal x(t) and output signal y(t) is
described by the convolution integral

- h(t), assumed known, the response of the system to a unit

impulse input
To perform discrete time convolution, x[n]*h[n]
define x[n] and h[n]
y = conv(x,h) - This command assumes that the first element in
x and the first element in h correspond to n=0, so that the
first element in the resulting output vector corresponds to
n=0. If this is not the case, then the output vector will be
computed correctly, but the index will have to be adjusted.

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Convolution
 For example,
x = [1 1 1 1 1];  [1 1 1 1 1]
h = [0 1 2 3];  [3 2 1 0]
conv(x,h) yields y = [0 1 3 6 6 6 5 3].
stem(y);

ylabel(‘Conv');
xlabel(‘sample number’);

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5. Loading and Saving
Data
 When using MATLAB, you may wish to
leave the program but save the vectors
and matrices you have defined. To save
the file to the working directory, type
 save filename
 where "filename" is a name of your choice.
To retrieve the data later, type
 load “filename”

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6. Introduction to Simulink
 Simulink is a software package for modeling,
simulating, and analyzing dynamic systems.
It supports linear and nonlinear systems,
modeled in continuous time,
 sampled time, or a hybrid of the two.
Systems can also be multirate, i.e., have
different
 parts that are sampled or updated at
different rates.

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Simulink Example
Differential block & Integral block

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 Example results

Integral
Pulse

Differential

End of presentation. Thanks for your participation!!!

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