Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 117 views

    Overview of Petroleum Refining I

    Uploaded by

    Pradeep Munna
    The document provides an overview of the petroleum refining process. It explains that crude oil is separated into fractions and then undergoes chemical reactions and further separations to be converted into high value products like gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel. It discusses the various units involved like distillation columns and reactors, as well as the roles of petrochemical engineers in ensuring refineries operate efficiently and minimize pollution.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Overview of Petroleum Refining I

    Uploaded by

    Pradeep Munna
    117 views39 pages
    The document provides an overview of the petroleum refining process. It explains that crude oil is separated into fractions and then undergoes chemical reactions and further separations to be converted into high value products like gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel. It discusses the various units involved like distillation columns and reactors, as well as the roles of petrochemical engineers in ensuring refineries operate efficiently and minimize pollution.

    Original Description:

    2

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The document provides an overview of the petroleum refining process. It explains that crude oil is separated into fractions and then undergoes chemical reactions and further separations to be converted into high value products like gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel. It discusses the various units involved like distillation columns and reactors, as well as the roles of petrochemical engineers in ensuring refineries operate efficiently and minimize pollution.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    117 views39 pages

    Overview of Petroleum Refining I

    Uploaded by

    Pradeep Munna
    The document provides an overview of the petroleum refining process. It explains that crude oil is separated into fractions and then undergoes chemical reactions and further separations to be converted into high value products like gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel. It discusses the various units involved like distillation columns and reactors, as well as the roles of petrochemical engineers in ensuring refineries operate efficiently and minimize pollution.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 39

    Overview of Petroleum Refining

    Dept. of Petroleum Engineering &


    Petrochemical Engineering

    Presented by
    Prof. K. V. Rao
    Programme Director
    Petroleum Courses
    JNTUK
    III Year, I Sem., B. Tech. Petrochemical Engineering
    Petroleum Refinery Engineering
    University College of Engineering (A) Kakinada
    Agenda

    Introduction
    What is the Purpose of an Oil Refinery?
    What Goes In/Out of the Refinery
    How Do You Get from Crude Oil to
    Products?
    Separations
    Chemical Reactions cont...
    Agenda - Cont.
    How Do You Get from Crude Oil to
    Products?
    Separations
    Chemical Reactions
    Major Equipment
    Minimizing Pollution
    What do The Petrochemical/Chemical
    Engineers Do?
    Overview
    THE PURPOSE OF AN OIL REFINERY
    IS TO TRANSFORM RELATIVELY
    LOW VALUE CRUDE OIL INTO
    HIGH VALUE PRODUCTS AS
    EFFICIENTLY, PROFITABLY AND
    ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY
    WAY AS POSSIBLE
    Overview - Cont.
    The price and quality of crudes is constantly
    changing. The price and specifications of the
    products is constantly changing. Government
    regulations add additional constraints. There is
    not much differential between the price of crude
    and products.
    HOW DO I KEEP IN BUSINESS?
    How Do I Keep In Business ?
    I need to design and revamp the plant utilizing the
    latest technology to be more efficient
    I need to make the plant more flexible and
    responsive
    I need to operate (control) the plant in the most
    efficient manner possible
    I need to keep the equipment running all the time
    I NEED PETROCHEMICAL/CHEMICAL
    ENGINEERS!
    OK, But...

    WHAT GOES ON IN AN OIL
    REFINERY?
    Very Simplified
    Petroleum and
    Petrochemical
    Flowchart
    Oil
    Well
    Crude
    Oil
    Separations
    C
    o
    n
    v
    e
    r
    s
    i
    o
    n
    s
    S
    e
    p
    a
    r
    a
    t
    i
    o
    n
    s
    a
    n
    d
    P
    u
    r
    i
    f
    i
    c
    a
    t
    i
    o
    n
    s
    Natural
    Gas
    Propane &
    Butane
    Naphtha
    (C
    5
    - C
    10
    )
    Gas Stove
    Fuel
    Gasoline
    Jet Fuel
    Fuel
    R
    X
    Ethylene Polyethylene (Glad Bags)
    R
    X
    R
    X
    Polymers (7 UP Bottles)
    (Barbeque Grills)
    R
    X
    R
    X
    Organic Chemicals
    More Polymers
    (Aspirin, Hair Spray)
    (Football Helmet, Astro
    Turf, Nylon)
    Home Heating
    Oil, Lubricating
    Oil, Wax
    Diesel Fuels
    Kerosene &
    Gas Oils (C
    10
    +)
    Coke
    (Carbon Material Similar to Coal)
    Steel Making
    Asphalt
    Roads Pot Holes
    Purifications remove sulfur and heavy metals
    R
    X
    = Chemical Reactions
    Graphite Fibers
    (Tennis Racquets)
    THE REFI NERY
    Methane
    Ethane
    What Is Crude Oil?
    Crude Oil is a liquid mixture of thousands
    of organic chemicals found underground. It
    is the result of organic matter decaying over
    thousands of years; hence the name fossil
    fuel
    Crude oil is found all over the world and
    varies tremendously in its density,
    aromatics, sulfur, and metals content
    Major Refinery Products
    LPG (Propane/Butane)
    GASOLINE (hundreds of blends)
    KEROSENE
    JET FUELS
    DIESEL FUELS
    HEATING OILS
    GREASES
    ASPHALTS
    COKE (not the kind you drink )
    Gasoline Specifications
    Gasoline must meet many criteria which change with
    the time of year and geographic location. Some
    critical specifications are:
    Vapor Pressure
    Octane
    Aromatics / Benzene Content
    Sulfur Content
    Gasolines are always a blend of a number of streams
    in the refinery
    Other Specifications
    Other refinery products must meet other
    specifications such as:
    Cetane number
    Density
    Pour Point
    Flash Point
    Viscosity
    So, How Do You Make Good
    Stuff Out Of That Gooey Crude?
    So, How Do You Make Good
    Stuff Out Of That Gooey Crude?
    So, How Do You Make Good
    Stuff Out Of That Gooey Crude?
    REACTIONS
    &
    SEPARATIONS
    So, How Do You Make Good
    Stuff Out Of That Gooey Crude?
    Separate crude into fractions
    Convert low octane components to higher octane
    components
    Convert the very heavy stuff to heavy oils
    Convert heavy oils to gasoline,diesel,jet fuel
    Remove sulfur/nitrogen through reaction
    Blend intermediate streams together to meet
    product specifications
    SEPARATIONS
    SEPARATIONS -
    CRUDE FRACTIONATION
    HUGE DISTILLATION COLUMNS
    ATMOSPHERIC DISTILLATION
    VACUUM DISTILLATION
    TYPICAL SIZE: 150,000 BARRELS/DAY
    750 DEGREES F
    OTHER SEPARATIONS
    FLASH
    DISTILLATION
    ABSORPTION
    ADSORPTION
    SETTLING (WATER/OIL)
    REACTIONS
    REACTIONS
    Almost all the reactions in the refinery use
    special catalysts that increase the rate and
    selectivity of the reaction. This improves
    efficiency and reduces unwanted
    byproducts.
    Reactions to Make Higher Octane
    ISOMERIZATION
    C-C-C-C-C-C --> C C
    nC6 C-C-C-C iC6
    REFORMING
    C-C-C-C-C-C-C --> C
    nC7 C C-CH3
    C C toluene
    C

    Reactions To Make Higher Octane
    ALKYLATION

    C C
    C=C-C + C-C-C --> C-C-C-C-C
    C
    propylene isobutane isoheptane (2,2,dmp)
    Reactions To Convert Heavy Oils
    HYDROCRACKING
    H
    2
    + heavy oil --> gasoline + diesel
    550 F 300 F 450 F
    use boiling point to describe oils
    CAT CRACKING
    heavy oil --> gasoline + propylene, butane,
    other light ends
    550 F 300 F


    Reactions To Convert Resid
    Resid is the bottom of the barrel - the
    material that is left in the bottom of the
    crude/vacuum distillation towers

    COKING
    resid + heat --> coke + heavy oil
    > 900 F solid 550 F
    Reactions To Remove Sulfur
    HYDRODESULFURIZATION
    2 R-SH + H
    2
    --> 2 R + 2 H
    2
    S
    mercaptan hydrocarbon

    SULFUR RECOVERY
    convert H
    2
    S to elemental sulfur:
    2 H
    2
    S + 2 O
    2
    --> SO
    2
    + S + 2 H
    2
    O
    2 H
    2
    S + SO
    2
    --> 3S + 2 H
    2
    O


    MAJOR REFINERY EQUIPMENT
    Vessels-Reactors, Separators, Storage Tanks
    Pumps & Compressors
    Furnaces
    Heat Exchangers
    Instruments (measure flow, temperature,
    pressure, composition)
    Control Systems
    MINIMIZING POLLUTION
    Operate Furnaces Efficiently
    Waste Material Goes To The Flare Stack
    Avoid Spills & Accidental Releases
    Special Treatment of Sewer Water
    Lots of Paper Work!
    WHAT HAPPENS TO THE
    BAD STUFF IN THE CRUDE?
    Sulfur
    converted to elemental sulfur
    in high sulfur fuel oil
    in coke
    Heavy Metals (nickel, vanadium)
    in high sulfur fuel oil and coke
    Nitrogen (organic nitrogen)
    most is converted to ammonia and neutralized
    in high sulfur fuel oil and coke
    WHAT ROLE DO
    ENGINEERS PLAY IN THE
    REFINERY?
    What Role Do Petrochemical Engineers Play?
    Operations Engineer
    Maintenance Engineer
    Control Systems Engineer
    Design Engineer
    Health/Safety/Environmental Engineer
    Planning / Scheduling Engineer
    Reliability Engineer
    Plant Manager
    Other Ways Petrochemical
    Engineers Support The Refining
    Industry
    Research & Development Engineers
    Technical Sales Engineers
    Engineering & Construction Engineers
    Governmental Regulators
    University Professors
    Other Engineering Disciplines In
    The Refinery
    Mechanical Engineers - design &
    maintenance of compressors, vessels
    Electrical Engineers - electrical,
    instrumentation, controls
    Computer Scientists - main plant control &
    information systems
    Summary
    Refineries are very complicated chemical
    processing plants that use reactions and
    separations to convert crude oil into
    gasoline and other valuable products
    Petrochemical/Chemical engineers play an
    important role in keeping these plants
    running safely and efficiently

    You might also like