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Introduction To Sensors

This document provides an overview of an introduction to sensors workshop being held at Polytechnic University. It defines what sensors are, describes detectable phenomena sensors can measure, and the physical principles by which different sensor types operate. It then discusses the need for sensors and factors to consider when choosing a sensor. Descriptions are provided of several common sensor types, including temperature, accelerometer, light, magnetic field, ultrasonic, photo gate, and carbon monoxide gas sensors.

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95 views17 pages

Introduction To Sensors

This document provides an overview of an introduction to sensors workshop being held at Polytechnic University. It defines what sensors are, describes detectable phenomena sensors can measure, and the physical principles by which different sensor types operate. It then discusses the need for sensors and factors to consider when choosing a sensor. Descriptions are provided of several common sensor types, including temperature, accelerometer, light, magnetic field, ultrasonic, photo gate, and carbon monoxide gas sensors.

Uploaded by

ssrgman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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RAISE Teachers Workshop @ Polytechnic University Monday August 2!

2""#
Introduction to
Sensors
RAISE Teachers Workshop @ Polytechnic University Monday August 2! 2""#
Overview

What are Sensors?

Detectable Phenomenon

Physical Principles How Do Sensors Work?

Need or Sensors

!hoosin" a Sensor

Sensor Descriptions

#emperature Sensor

$ccelerometer

%i"ht Sensor

&a"netic 'ield Sensor

(ltrasonic Sensor

Photo"ate

!O
)
*as Sensor
RAISE Teachers Workshop @ Polytechnic University Monday August 2! 2""#
What are Sensors?

$merican National Standards Institute +$NSI, Deinition

$ device which provides a usable output in response to a


speciied measurand

$ sensor ac-uires a physical parameter and converts it into a si"nal


suitable or processin" +e.". optical/ electrical/ mechanical,

$ transducer

&icrophone/ %oud Speaker/ 0iolo"ical Senses +e.". touch/ si"ht/


1ect,
RAISE Teachers Workshop @ Polytechnic University Monday August 2! 2""#
Detectable Phenomenon
Sti$ulus %uantity
Acoustic Wave &a$plitude! phase! polari'ation(! Spectru$! Wave
)elocity
*iological + ,he$ical -luid ,oncentrations &.as or /i0uid(
Electric ,harge! )oltage! ,urrent! Electric -ield &a$plitude!
phase!
polari'ation(! ,onductivity! Per$ittivity
Magnetic Magnetic -ield &a$plitude! phase! polari'ation(! -lu1!
Per$ea2ility
3ptical Re4ractive Inde1! Re4lectivity! A2sorption
Ther$al Te$perature! -lu1! Speci4ic 5eat! Ther$al ,onductivity
Mechanical Position! )elocity! Acceleration! -orce! Strain! Stress!
Pressure! Tor0ue
RAISE Teachers Workshop @ Polytechnic University Monday August 2! 2""#
Physical Principles

$mperes2s %aw

$ current carryin" conductor in a ma"netic ield e3periences a orce


+e.". "alvanometer,

!urie4Weiss %aw

#here is a transition temperature at which erroma"netic materials


e3hibit parama"netic behavior

'araday2s %aw o Induction

$ coil resist a chan"e in ma"netic ield by "eneratin" an opposin"


volta"e5current +e.". transormer,

Photoconductive 6ect

When li"ht strikes certain semiconductor materials/ the resistance o the


material decreases +e.". photoresistor,
RAISE Teachers Workshop @ Polytechnic University Monday August 2! 2""#
Need or Sensors

Sensors are omnipresent. #hey embedded in


our bodies/ automobiles/ airplanes/ cellular
telephones/ radios/ chemical plants/ industrial
plants and countless other applications.

Without the use o sensors/ there would be no


automation 77

Ima"ine havin" to manually ill Poland Sprin" bottles


RAISE Teachers Workshop @ Polytechnic University Monday August 2! 2""#
!hoosin" a Sensor
RAISE Teachers Workshop @ Polytechnic University Monday August 2! 2""#
#emperature Sensor

#emperature sensors appear in buildin"/


chemical process plants/ en"ines/ appliances/
computers/ and many other devices that re-uire
temperature monitorin"

&any physical phenomena depend on


temperature/ so we can oten measure
temperature indirectly by measurin" pressure/
volume/ electrical resistance/ and strain
RAISE Teachers Workshop @ Polytechnic University Monday August 2! 2""#
#emperature Sensor

0imetallic Strip

$pplication

#hermostat +makes or
breaks electrical
connection with
delection,
)] T - (T 1 [ 0 0 + =L L
RAISE Teachers Workshop @ Polytechnic University Monday August 2! 2""#
#emperature Sensor

8esistance
temperature device.

=
+ =
0
1 1
0
0 0 )] T - (T 1 [
T T
e R R
R R

RAISE Teachers Workshop @ Polytechnic University Monday August 2! 2""#


$ccelerometer

$ccelerometers are used to


measure alon" one a3is and is
insensitive to ortho"onal
directions

$pplications

9ibrations/ blasts/ impacts/


shock waves

$ir ba"s/ washin" machines/


heart monitors/ car alarms

&athematical Description is
beyond the scope o this
presentation. See me durin"
lunch i interested
RAISE Teachers Workshop @ Polytechnic University Monday August 2! 2""#
%i"ht Sensor

%i"ht sensors are used in


cameras/ inrared
detectors/ and ambient
li"htin" applications

Sensor is composed o
photoconductor such as a
photoresistor/
photodiode/ or
phototransistor
RAISE Teachers Workshop @ Polytechnic University Monday August 2! 2""#
&a"netic 'ield Sensor

&a"netic 'ield
sensors are used or
power steerin"/
security/ and current
measurements on
transmission lines

Hall volta"e is
proportional to
ma"netic ield
t q n
B I
V
H

=
RAISE Teachers Workshop @ Polytechnic University Monday August 2! 2""#
(ltrasonic Sensor

(ltrasonic sensors are


used or position
measurements

Sound waves emitted are


in the ran"e o )4:; &H<

Sound 6avi"ation And


Ran"in" +SON$8,

Radio 7ection And


Ran"in" +8$D$8,
6%6!#8O&$*N6#I!
W$96S 77
RAISE Teachers Workshop @ Polytechnic University Monday August 2! 2""#
Photo"ate

Photo"ates are used in


countin" applications
+e.". indin" period o
period motion,

Inrared transmitter and


receiver at opposite
ends o the sensor

#ime at which li"ht is


broken is recorded
RAISE Teachers Workshop @ Polytechnic University Monday August 2! 2""#
!O
)
*as Sensor

!O
)
sensor measures
"aseous !O
)
levels in an
environment

&easures !O
)
levels in
the ran"e o =4>=== ppm

&onitors how much


inrared radiation is
absorbed by !O
)

molecules
RAISE Teachers Workshop @ Polytechnic University Monday August 2! 2""#
#hank ?ou

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