Foundations in

Microbiology
Sixth Edition
Chapter 5
Eucaryotic Cells and
Microorganisms
Lecture PowerPoint to accompany
Talaro
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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The History of Eucaryotes
They first appeared approximately 2 billion
years ago.
Evidence suggests evolution from procaryotic
organisms by symbiosis.
Organelles originated from procaryotic cells
trapped inside them.

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External Structures
Locomotor appendages
flagella
long, sheathed cylinder containing microtubules in a 9+2
arrangement
covered by an extension of the cell membrane
10X thicker than procaryotic flagella
function in motility
cilia
similar in overall structure to flagella, but shorter and
more numerous
found only on a single group of protozoa and certain
animal cells
function in motility, feeding and filtering


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External Structures
Glycocalyx
an outermost boundary that comes into direct contact
with environment
usually composed of polysaccharides
appears as a network of fibers, a slime layer or a
capsule
functions in adherence, protection, and signal
reception
beneath the glycocalyx
Fungi and most algae have a thick, rigid cell wall.
Protozoa, a few algae, and all animal cells lack a
cell wall and have only a membrane.

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External Boundary Structures
Cell wall
rigid, provides structural support and shape
Fungi have thick inner layer of polysaccharide
fibers composed of chitin or cellulose and a thin
layer of mixed glycans.
algae varies in chemical composition;
substances commonly found include cellulose,
pectin, mannans, silicon dioxide, and calcium
carbonate

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External Boundary Structures
Cytoplasmic (cell) membrane
typical bilayer of phospholipids and proteins
sterols confer stability
serves as selectively permeable barrier in
transport
Eucaryotic cells also contain membrane-bound
organelles that account for 60-80% of their
volume.
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Internal Structures
Nucleus
compact sphere, most prominent organelle of
eucaryotic cell
nuclear envelope composed of two parallel
membranes separated by a narrow space and is
perforated with pores
contains chromosomes
nucleolus dark area for rRNA synthesis and
ribosome assembly
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Internal Structures
Endoplasmic reticulum two types:
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) originates
from the outer membrane of the nuclear envelop
and extends in a continuous network through
cytoplasm; rough due to ribosomes; proteins
synthesized and shunted into the ER for packaging
and transport; first step in secretory pathway
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) closed
tubular network without ribosomes; functions in
nutrient processing, synthesis and storage of
lipids, etc.
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Internal Structures
Golgi apparatus
consists of a stack of flattened sacs called cisternae
closely associated with ER
Transitional vesicles from the ER containing
proteins go to the Golgi apparatus for modification
and maturation.
Condensing vesicles transport proteins to
organelles or secretory proteins to the outside.

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Internal Structures
Lysosomes
vesicles containing enzymes that originate from
Golgi apparatus
involved in intracellular digestion of food particles
and in protection against invading microbes
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Internal Structures
Mitochondria
consists of an outer membrane and an inner
membrane with folds called cristae
Cristae hold the enzymes and electron carriers of
aerobic respiration.
divide independently of cell
contain DNA and procaryotic ribosomes
function in energy production

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Internal Structures
Chloroplast
found in algae and plant cells
outer membrane covers inner membrane folded
into sacs, thylakoids, stacked into grana
larger than mitochondria
contain photosynthetic pigments
convert the energy of sunlight into chemical
energy through photosynthesis
primary producers of organic nutrients for other
organisms
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Internal Structures
Ribosomes
composed of rRNA and proteins
40S and 60S subunits form 80S ribosomes
larger than procaryotic ribosomes
function in protein synthesis
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Internal Structures
Cytoskeleton
flexible framework of proteins, microfilaments
and microtubules form network throughout
cytoplasm
involved in movement of cytoplasm, amoeboid
movement, transport, and structural support

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Survey of Eucaryotic Microbes
Fungi
Algae
Protozoa
Parasitic worms
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Kingdom Fungi
100,000 species divided into 2 groups:
macroscopic fungi (mushrooms, puffballs, gill
fungi)
microscopic fungi (molds, yeasts)
Majority are unicellular or colonial; a few
have cellular specialization



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Microscopic Fungi
Exist in two morphologies:
yeast round ovoid shape, asexual reproduction
hyphae long filamentous fungi or molds
Some exist in either form dimorphic
characteristic of some pathogenic molds
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Fungal Nutrition
All are heterotrophic
Majority are harmless saprobes living off dead
plants and animals
Some are parasites, living on the tissues of other
organisms, but none are obligate; mycoses
fungal infections
Growth temperature 20
o
-40
o
C
Extremely widespread distribution in many
habitats
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Fungal Organization
Most grow in loose associations or colonies
Yeast soft, uniform texture and appearance
Filamentous fungi mass of hyphae called
mycelium; cottony, hairy, or velvety texture
hyphae may be divided by cross walls septate
vegetative hyphae digest and absorb nutrients
reproductive hyphae produce spores for
reproduction

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Fungal Reproduction
Primarily through spores formed on reproductive
hyphae
Asexual reproduction spores are formed
through budding or mitosis; conidia or
sporangiospores

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Fungal Reproduction
Sexual reproduction spores are formed
following fusion of male and female strains
and formation of sexual structure
Sexual spores and spore-forming structures
are one basis for classification.

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Fungal Classification
Subkingdom Amastigomycota terrestrial
inhabitants including those of medical importance:
1. Zygomycota zygospores; sporangiospores and some
conidia
2. Ascomycota ascospores; conidia
3. Basidiomycota basidiospores; conidia
4. Deuteromycota majority are yeasts and molds; no
sexual spores known; conidia
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Fungal Identification
Isolation on specific media
Macroscopic and microscopic observation
of:
asexual spore-forming structures and spores
hyphal type
colony texture and pigmentation
physiological characteristics
genetic makeup

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Roles of Fungi
Adverse impact
mycoses, allergies, toxin production
destruction of crops and food storages
Beneficial impact
decomposers of dead plants and animals
sources of antibiotics, alcohol, organic acids,
vitamins
used in making foods and in genetic studies




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Kingdom Protista
Algae
Protozoa
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Algae
Photosynthetic organisms
Kelps, seaweeds, euglenids, green algae, diatoms,
dinoflagellates, brown algae, and red seaweeds
Microscopic forms are unicellular, colonial,
filamentous.
Macroscopic forms are colonial and multicellular.
Contain chloroplasts with chlorophyll and other
pigments
Cell wall
May or may not have flagella
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Algae
Most are free-living in fresh and marine water
plankton.
Provide basis of food web in most aquatic habitats
Produce large proportion of atmospheric O
2
Dinoflagellates can cause red tides and give off
toxins that cause food poisoning with neurological
symptoms.
Classified according to types of pigments and cell
wall
Used for cosmetics, food, and medical products
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Protozoa
65,000 species
Vary in shape, lack a cell wall
Most are unicellular; colonies are rare
Most are harmless, free-living in a moist habitat
Some are animal parasites and can be spread by insect
vectors.
All are heterotrophic.
Feed by engulfing other microbes and organic matter


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Protozoa
Most have locomotor structures flagella, cilia, or
pseudopods.
Exist as trophozoite - motile feeding stage
Many can enter into a dormant resting stage when
conditions are unfavorable for growth and feeding
cyst.
All reproduce asexually, mitosis or multiple fission;
many also reproduce sexually conjugation.
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Protozoan Identification
Classification is difficult because of diversity.
Simple grouping is based on method of motility,
reproduction, and life cycle.
1. Mastigophora primarily flagellar motility, some flagellar
and amoeboid; sexual reproduction; cyst and trophozoite
2. Sarcodina primarily ameba; asexual by fission; most are
free-living
3. Ciliophora cilia; trophozoites and cysts; most are free-
living, harmless
4. Apicomplexa motility is absent except male gametes;
sexual and asexual reproduction; complex life cycle all
parasitic


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Important Protozoan Pathogens
Pathogenic flagellates
Trypanosomes Trypanosoma
T. brucei African sleeping sickness
T. cruzi Chagas disease; South America
Infective amebas
Entameba histolytica amebic dysentery;
worldwide
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Parasitic Helminths
Multicellular animals, organs for reproduction,
digestion, movement, protection
Parasitize host tissues
Have mouthparts for attachment to or digestion of
host tissues
Most have well-developed sex organs that produce
eggs and sperm.
Fertilized eggs go through larval period in or out
of host body.
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Major Groups of Parasitic Helminths
1. Flatworms flat, no definite body cavity;
digestive tract a blind pouch; simple
excretory and nervous systems
cestodes (tapeworms)
Trematodes or flukes, are flattened ,
nonsegmented worms with sucking mouthparts.
2. Roundworms (nematodes)- round, a complete
digestive tract, a protective surface cuticle,
spines and hooks on mouth; excretory and
nervous systems poorly developed
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Helminths
50 species parasitize humans.
Acquired though ingestion of larvae or eggs
in food; from soil or water; some are carried
by insect vectors
Afflict billions of humans
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Helminth Classification and Identification
Classify according to shape, size, organ
development, presence of hooks, suckers, or
other special structures, mode of reproduction,
hosts, and appearance of eggs and larvae
Identify by microscopic detection of adult
worm, larvae, or eggs
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Distribution and Importance of
Parasitic Worms
Approximately 50 species parasitize humans.
Distributed worldwide; some restricted to
certain geographic regions with higher
incidence in tropics