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Cancer of Reproductive System

Breast cancer is a cancer that starts in the cells of the breast. It is more common in women than men and risk factors include age, family history, personal history of breast cancer, and lifestyle factors like alcohol use and obesity. Symptoms may include a lump in the breast, changes in breast size or shape, or nipple discharge. Diagnosis involves exams like mammography, MRI, or biopsy. Treatment options depend on the type and stage of cancer but may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or hormone therapy.

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maria erika
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3K views

Cancer of Reproductive System

Breast cancer is a cancer that starts in the cells of the breast. It is more common in women than men and risk factors include age, family history, personal history of breast cancer, and lifestyle factors like alcohol use and obesity. Symptoms may include a lump in the breast, changes in breast size or shape, or nipple discharge. Diagnosis involves exams like mammography, MRI, or biopsy. Treatment options depend on the type and stage of cancer but may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or hormone therapy.

Uploaded by

maria erika
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Prepared by:

Mariane S. Montemayor
BREAST CANCER
• A cancer that starts in the
cells of the breast in
women and men
BREAST CANCER
Risk factors you cannot Risk Factor you can change
change lifestyle choices

• Gender- • Nullipara
• Age • Use of birth control
• Genetic risk factors pills
• Race • Postmenopausal
hormone therapy (PHT)
• Personal history of
breast cancer • Use of alcohol
• Menstrual periods • Being overweight or
obese
• Treatment with DES
BREAST CANCER
Cause: Study
• Lesions to DNA
• Exact causes such as genetic
of Cancer is mutations
UNKNOWN • Abnormal growth
factor- signaling
• Inherited defects
in DNA repair
genes
Paget's disease
• named after Sir James
Paget
• include redness and
mild scaling and flaking
of the nipple skin and
resembles eczema, and
can be itchy
Male Breast Cancer
• Men with breast cancer
usually have lumps that
can be felt
• men have breast tissue
and that they can
develop breast cancer.
BREAST CANCER
SYMPTOMS
• a “lump” in the surrounding breast tissue.
• changes in breast size or shape, skin dimpling,
nipple inversion, or spontaneous single-nipple
discharge
• “Mastodynia” – breast pain
• peau d'orange- pain, swelling, warmth and
redness throughout the breast, as well as an
orange-peel texture to the skin- inflammatory
breast cancer (IBC)
• Paget's disease of the breast
BREAST CANCER
Diagnostic Test
 common methods
screening are:
self and clinical breast
exams
Incision and biopsy)
mammography
Magnetic Resonance
Imaging (MRI)
Genetic testing may also
used
BREAST CANCER
Treatment
 surgery when the tumor is
localized
 adjuvant hormonal
therapy (with tamoxifen
or an aromatase inhibitor)
 Adjuvant therapy
Hormone Therapy
Chemotherapy
Radiotherapy
Interstitial laser
thermotherapy (ILT)
Cancer of the Reproductive
System
Female
Reproductive System
Ovary
Uterus
Endometrial
Uterus – Cervical
Vagina/Vulva
Ovarian Cancer
• is a cancerous growth arising
from different parts of the
ovary
• most cases, there are no
known causes
• called a “silent killer”
• Ovarian cancer can develop
at any age
Ovarian Cancer
• Risk factors
• Genetic risk factors
• Increasing age- menopausal women
• Nullipara
• Early menstrual cycles- start before 12
years old and late menopausal
• Use of estrogens or hormone replacement
therapy
• Use of Talc, High fat diet
Ovarian Cancer
Symptoms
• pelvic pressure or • pain or swelling in the
frequent urination abdomen
• pain during intercourse
• unexplained changes in • vaginal bleeding in post-
bowel habits menopausal women
Ovarian Cancer
Diagnostic Exams
• PE
• pelvic examination
• CA-125 assay
• one or more various imaging procedures
(MRI, CT’s scan, UTZ)
• a lower GI series, or barium enema
• diagnostic laparoscopy
Treatment Ovarian Cancer
Treatment
• Surgery- oophorectomy, bilateral
oophorectomy,TAHBSO
• Chemotherapy- via the lymphatic
system or the blood stream
• Radiation
UTERINE CANCER
• Cancer of uterine cavity
• Divided into two primary forms
Endometrial Cancer
Cervical Cancer
Endometrial Cancer
• develops when the cells that make up the
endometrium become abnormal and grow
uncontrollably
• exact cause of endometrial cancer is
unknown
Endometrial Cancer
Endometrial cancer
• Risk Factor
• CAUSES Age- age of 50 and above
Obesity
• high levels of
Estrogen replacement
estrogen
therapy
Diabetes Hypertension
Early first menstruation or
late menopause
Tamoxifen
Genetic factors
Nullipara women
Symptoms of Endometrial
cancer
• Vaginal bleeding • Anemia
menorrhagia
metrorrhagia • Lower abdominal
in premenopausal women pain or pelvic
in women older than 40: cramping
extremely long, heavy, • Thin white or
or frequent episodes of clear vaginal
bleeding (may indicate
premalignant changes) discharge in
postmenopausal
women.
Diagnostic Exams for
Endometrial cancer
• Pap smear
• Endometrial curettage
• Hysteroscopy
• Endometrial biopsy or aspiration
• Transvaginal ultrasound
• TruTest- uses the small flexible Tao
Brush to brush the entire lining of the
uterus
Treatment for Endometrial
cancer
• Surgical treatment – TAHBSO
Abdominal hysterectomy more prefer than
vaginal hysterectomy

• Radiation therapy
• Chemotherapy
• Hormone therapy
CERVICAL TUMOR/CANCER
•
• a disease in which the cells
of the cervix become
abnormal and start to grow
uncontrollably, forming
tumors.
• third most common cancer
of the female reproductive
tract
CERVICAL TUMOR/CANCER
• RISK FACTOR:

 Multiple Sex Partner


 Smoking
 some hormonal contraception,
diethylstilbestrol (DES)
 a family history of cervical cancer.
 Lack of regular Pap tests
Symptoms of Cervical
Cancer
• Abnormal vaginal bleeding
– Bleeding that occurs between
regular menstrual periods
– after sexual intercourse,
douching, or a pelvic exam
– Menstrual periods that last
longer and are heavier than
before
– Bleeding after menopause
• Increased vaginal discharge
• Pelvic pain
• Pain during sexual intercourse
CERVICAL TUMOR/ CANCER
• PREVENTION • DIAGNOSTIC EXAM

– Awareness – Pap smear


(human – Biopsy-
papillomavirus) Endocervical
– Screening (Pap curettage
smear) – cystoscopy
– Vaccination of – Colposcopy
HPV
– CT scan, MRI
– Use of condoms
CERVICAL TUMOR/ CANCER
• TREATMENT
 SURGERY
• Hysterectomy or radical
hysterectomy
 Radiation therapy
 Chemotherapy
 Alternative and Complementary
Therapies
Vaginal Cancer

• a disease in which malignant


(cancer) cells form in the vagina
• When found in early stages, it can
often be cured
Vaginal Cancer
• CAUSES
The cause of vaginal cancer is
not known.
Age and exposure to the drug
DES (diethylstilbestrol) before
birth affect a woman’s risk of
developing vaginal cancer.
Vaginal Cancer
• Risk Factor
 aged 60 or older
 exposed to DES while in the
mother's womb
 Having (HPV) infection
 history of abnormal cells in the
cervix or cervical cancer
 very poor hygiene
Vaginal Cancer
• SYMPTOMS
o Abnormal vaginal bleeding or
discharge not related to
menstrual periods.
o Pain during sexual intercourse.
o Pain in the pelvic area.
o A lump in the vagina.
Vaginal Cancer
• DIAGNOSTIC EXAMS
Physical exam and history
Pelvic exam- exam of the vagina, cervix,
uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and rectum.
Speculum is also use to visualize
Pap smear
Biopsy
Colposcopy- lighted, magnifying instrument
to check the vagina and cervix
Vaginal Cancer
• Surgery- vaginectomy- removal
of vagina
Hysterectomy
• Radiation therapy
• Chemotherapy
Reproductive Disorder
in

Male
• TESTICULAR
CANCER
• PENILE CANCER
TESTICULAR CANCER
• cancer that develops
in the testicles
• Rare but usually
occur between ages
15-35
• No known
etiology/cause
TESTICULAR CANCER
Risk Factor
• major risk factor for the
development of testis cancer is
cryptorchidism
• inguinal hernia
• mumps orchitis
• sedentary lifestyle
• hormones
TESTICULAR CANCER
SYMPTOMS

• a lump • Lumbago lower back pain

• loss of sexual • severely enlarged


activity or interest testicle (tumor) as much as

• A burning sensation
3 times the original size.

specially following physical activity. • other testicle may


• hydrocele build-up of fluid in the scrotum
be shrunken in size
or tunica vaginalis, known as

• a dull ache in the • blood in semen


lower abdomen or • general weak and
groin sometimes described as a "heavy" sensation
tired feeling
TESTICULAR CANCER
Diagnostic Exams Treatment
 ORCHIECTOMY
• Scrotum examination-  Surgical removal of one or both
palpation testes
 Followed by
• scrotal ultrasound
• CT scans  Adjuvant Treatment
 Chemotherapy
• tumor markers- AFP
 Radiotherapy
alpha1 feto protein,  CT scans
Beta-HCG, and LDH  blood tests
• Biopsy- inguinal
orchiectomy
Penile Cancer
• growth found on the skin • ETIOLOGY
or in the tissues of the • exact cause of penile
penis cancer is unknown
• cancers may be
related to chronic
exposure to
carcinogens
• associated with
human papillomavirus
(HPV) infection
Penile Cancer
Risk Factor Symptoms
• Person (HPV) infection • Redness
• Smoking • rashes
• phimosis • a lump on the penis
• treatment of psoriasis • Penile lesions
w/ UV light
• ulcerations from
• Age irritation
• AIDS
• allergic reactions
• poor hygiene
• Severe- penile
papule
Penile Cancer
Diagnostic Exams Treatment
• SURGERY
• Penile
Examination) Amputation (penectomy) - a
partial or total removal of
• CT scan
the penis, and possibly the
• Biopsy associated lymph nodes
• RADIATION THERAPY
• CHEMOTHERAPY
• BIOLOGICAL THERAPY
Thank you…

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