Networking Basics

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Agenda
Overview

What is a Network?

Establishing Network Connectivity

OSI Model

Physical Components

DataLink Protocols

Network Protocols

Other Terms and Definitions

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What is a Network?

A network consists of 2 or more computers

connected together, and they can communicate
and share resources (e.g. information)

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How can I connect two PC’s ?

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Why Networking?
• Sharing information — i.e. data communication
• Do you prefer these?

• Or this?

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Cont ……..
• Sharing hardware or software
• E.g. print document

• Centralize administration and support

• E.g. Internet-based, so everyone can access the same
administrative or support application from their PCs

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How many kinds of Networks?
• Depending on one’s perspective, we can classify
networks in different ways

• Based on transmission media: Wired (“UTP,STP”(TP),

coaxial cables, fiber-optic cables) and Wireless
• Based on network size: LAN and WAN (and MAN)
• Based on management method: Peer-to-peer and
Client/Server
• Based on topology (connectivity): Bus, Star, Ring
,Mesh…
:
:
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Transmission Media
Two main categories:
• Guided ― wires, cables
• Unguided ― wireless transmission, e.g. radio,
microwave, infrared, sound, sonar
We will concentrate on guided media here:
• Twisted-Pair cables:
- Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP) cables
- Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP) cables
• Coaxial cables
• Fiber-optic cables

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Twisted-Pair Cables
Twisted Pair Cable

• Consists of 4 to 8 color-coded wires

• Each pair is twisted to reduce the effects of crosstalk on the wire

• Crosstalk occurs when signals on nearby wires cross over and

interfere with the signal traveling on each wire

• Two types of twisted pair wire, shielded and unshielded

- Shielded twisted pair (STP) is insulated to reduce noise on the wire

- Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) is more common and less expensive than
STP
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Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP)
Typically wrapped inside a plastic cover (for
mechanical protection)
A sample UTP cable with 5 unshielded twisted pairs
of wires

Insulator Metal
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Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP)
STP cables are similar to UTP cables, except there is
a metal foil or braided-metal-mesh cover that
encases each pair of insulated wires

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Categories of UTP Cables
EIA classifies UTP cables according to the quality:
Category 1 ― the lowest quality, only good for voice,
mainly found in very old buildings, not recommended now
Category 2 ― good for voice and low data rates (up to
4Mbps for low-speed token ring networks)
Category 3 ― at least 3 twists per foot, for up to 10 Mbps
(common in phone networks in residential buildings)
Category 4 ― up to 16 Mbps (mainly for token rings)
Category 5 (or 5e) ― up to 100 Mbps (common for networks
targeted for high-speed data communications)
Category 6 ― more twists than Cat 5, up to 1 Gbps

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Coaxial Cables

In general, coaxial cables, or coax, carry signals of

higher freq (100KHz–500MHz) than UTP cables
Outer metallic wrapping serves both as a shield
against noise and as the second conductor that
completes the circuit

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Coaxial Cable
• Coaxial cable was used for
many years with Ethernet bus
networks
• In most networks today,
twisted pair in a star
configuration has replaced
coaxial
• There are two types of
coaxial cable, Thicknet (RG-
58) and Thinnet(RG-8)
• Thicknet has less bend
radius than Thinnet but a
signal can travel further
without disruption

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Fiber Optic Cable
• Fiber optic cable contains one or several pure glass tubes

• Light is sent through the glass using a light-emitting diode (LED)

• A layer of impure glass surrounds the tubes

• This is called cladding

• The cladding reflects the light back into the tube allowing the signal
to travel for very long distances

• There are two types of fiber, single-mode and multi-mode

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two types of fiber
Single-mode

• Cable using one narrow tube (10 microns in diameter)

• The light has very little room to reflect enabling it to travel long
distances without requiring attenuators
Single mode is used to connect buildings Fiber Optic Cable

Multi-mode

• Cable is 50 to 100 microns in diameter

• Light reflects much more so the signal cannot travel as far and it
may carry more than one signal
• Multi-mode is much cheaper than signal mode
• Multi-mode is usually used to connect wiring closets within a
building
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 The connection is
shared by a number of
PC subscribers, hence may
raise performance and
TV
security problems

Fiber-o
p tic cabl
e

Coaxial Cable company

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network size
One way to describe a network is by the area it spans

LAN – Local Area Network

• Computer network that spans a relatively small area
• Most are confined to a single building or group of buildings
• All the computers use the same datalink protocol
WAN – Wide Area Network
• Group of connected LANs
• One LAN can be connected to other LANs over any distance via telephone
lines, leased lines, fiber runs, or radio waves
• The Internet is the largest
MAN – Metropolitan Area Network
• A network within a city or town
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Ways of data exchange….
1- Simplex : information flows in only
one direction

2- Half-duplex : information flows in two

directions, but only in one direction at a time.

3- Full-duplex : information flows in two

directions at the same time

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Communication vs. Transmission

Communication: meaning full exchange of information between two

communication media.

Transmission : is a physical movement of information like bit

polarity,synchronisation and clock etc .

Transmission Technology available

Unicast
Multicast
Broadcast

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Host types :
A network can also be described by the architecture
the computers use to communicate with one another

Peer-to-Peer Model
• Each computer can share resources and get resources from
another computer in the network
• Access is determined by user’s security permissions on each
machine

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Host types :
Client/Server

• All computers get resources from the server

• Access is determined by the user’s security permissions on the

network
Server

Can I add to the Can I use your printer?

database? Can I get the customer
file?

Client
Client
Client

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client/server networks
• Advantages of client/server networks
• Facilitate resource sharing – centrally administrate and
control
• Facilitate system backup and improve fault tolerance
• Enhance security – only administrator can have access
to Server
• Support more users – difficult to achieve with peer-to-
peer networks

• Disadvantages of client/server networks

• High cost for Servers
• Need expert to configure the network
• Introduce a single point of failure to the system
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Establishing Network Connectivity
Requires four steps:
steps

• Install the network interface card (NIC)

• Install the NIC driver

• Install the client software

• Install and configure the network communications protocol

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Establishing Network Connectivity
• Think of the operating system as speaking French and the network as
speaking Arabic

• Driver must speak both languages to allow them to communicate

effectively
• Package and address the network packets ensuring that they are
delivered within the LAN

• Protocol is determined by the NOS

• Windows and the Internet communicate using the TCP/IP protocol

• Novell Netware uses IPX/SPX and/or TCP/IP

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OSI Model
OSI (Open Systems Interconnect) model was created by the ISO
(International Standards Organization)

• Sets the accepted procedures that govern the development of network

components

• Procedures provide standard interfaces that allow diverse programs and

hardware to interconnect

• Model addresses seven layers of network connectivity but a specific

component may only address one or two of the layers

• A network interface card (NIC), for example, only works at the Physical and
Data Link Layers

• The OSI model defines a consistent communication platform for

manufacturers and developers of network components
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Layer interaction:
OSI 7-layer model

Application Application
End Presentation Presentation
to Session Session
end
Transport Transport
Network Network Network Network
Hop
by Link Link Link Link Link Link
hop Physical Physical Physical

Router Router Host

Host
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OSI Model

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OSI Model
Computer A Computer B

Application 7 Data Application 7

Presentation 6 Data Presentation 6

Session 5 Data Session 5

Transport 4 Chunked Data Transport 4

Network 3 Packet Network 3

DataLink 2 Frame DataLink 2

Physical 1 Bits Physical 1

bits

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OSI Model
Computer A Computer B

Application 7 Data Application 7

Presentation 6 Data Presentation 6

Session 5 Data Session 5

Transport 4 Chunked Data Transport 4

Network 3 Packet Network 3

DataLink 2 Frame DataLink 2

Physical 1 Bits Physical 1

bits

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OSI Model
Application Layer
Includes all the network applications a user interacts with
including:

- HTTP – Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (www) is the protocol used on the world
wide web and determines what types of information can be transferred.
- FTP – File Transfer Protocol is the protocol used to transfer files between
computers
- SMTP – Simple Mail Transfer Protocol is used to send email.
- POP3 – Post Office Protocol 3 is used to receive mail.
- NNTP – Network News Transfer Protocol provides distribution, inquiry, retrieval
and posting of news articles, bulleting boards and chats.
- Gopher – Gopher is a search engine (distributing documents over networks )
- Telnet – Telnet allows a user to logon and control a remote computer.

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OSI Model
Presentation Layer

Converts application layer information into a common

format on the sending computer

Converts the common format to the application format at

the receiving computer, formats include:

- ASCII – text files

- JPG, BMP, GIF – pictures

- MPG, AVI, MOV – videos

- MP3, WAV – music

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OSI Model
Session Layer

Responsible for establishing a connection, maintaining

the connection and ending the connection

The decision to transmit data using half duplex or full

duplex is made at this layer

- Half Duplex – This transmission type is similar to a one lane bridge.

Cars can travel in both directions but not at the same time. With half
duplex one computer send a message then waits for the other
computer to respond.

- Full Duplex – This transmission type allows both computers to

transmit and receive at the same time.
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OSI Model
Transport Layer

Responsible for breaking information into chunks and assigning

addresses to the different processes

• The process addresses are called ports

• These should not be confused with external ports

• These are virtual ports used to keep network applications separated in the
operating system

• Ports numbers are assigned based on the following:

- Well Known Ports 0-1023

- Registered Ports 1024 – 49,151
- Private Ports 49,151 – 65535
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OSI Model
Two types of commonly used transport protocols that
are part of the TCP/IP Protocol suite
- Transport Control Protocol (TCP) - At this layer the connection
oriented protocol, TCP, establishes flow control by agreeing on the
amount of data in each packet to be transferred (3 way handshake)
and monitoring the packets that are received to ensure that lost
packets are resent.

- User Datagram Protocol (UDP) – At this layer the connectionless

protocol, UDP, sends a packet and assumes the destination computer
receives it. There is no check performed to ensure the packet arrived
intact.

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OSI Model
Network Layer

• At this layer a packet is created

• Packet includes information from the upper layers and the network
address for the source and destination computer
• The IP address is the network address assigned to a TCP/IP
packet
• The IPX address is the network address assigned to the IPX/SPX
packet
• The information in the packet is ordered based on the network
protocol
• A receiving computer will look for information in a specific place in
the packet based on the protocol
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OSI Model
Data-Link Layer

• Controls the movement of data on the network

• The packet from the network layer is modified to include the frame
source and destination address

• This address is the media access control (MAC) address on the NIC

• Once these addresses are added the packet is called a frame

• Data-link protocols differ in the way frame is sent on the network

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 ARP vs. RARP
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
• Is used to Associate the 32 bit IP address with the 48 bit physical address
• Used by a host or router to find the physical address of another host on its
network by sending ARP query packet that includes the ip address of the
reciever.

Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP)

• Allows hosts to discover its IP when it is know only its physical address.

IP: 111.111.111.001 IP: 111.111.111.002

LAN

MAC: AA-AA-AA-AA-AA-AA MAC: BB-BB-BB-BB-BB-BB

111.111.111.002 BB-BB-BB-BB-BB-BB 111.111.111.001 AA-AA-AA-AA-AA-AA

ARP cache ARP cache

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OSI Model
Ethernet Protocol (IEEE 802.3) (Xerox and others)

• Based on the bus physical topology and uses Carrier Sense,

Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)

• Means the computer that wants to send a message listens on the

media, sends the message if it hears nothing

• If two computers send a message at the same time, a collision occurs

• When a collision occurs the sending computers wait a random

amount of time, listen, and resend the message
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OSI Model
Token Ring Protocol (IEEE 802.5) (IBM and others)

• Based on the ring physical topology and puts a token message on the
ring

• The computer that wants to send a message must first control the token

• The message is sent, then the token is re-released

• This ensures that only one message is on the ring at a time

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OSI Model
Wireless Protocol (IEEE 802.11x) (Similar to Ethernet)

• The computer listens for traffic on the radio waves, if there is none
the package is transmitted

• If a collision occurs the package is retransmitted

• This protocol is affected by anything else transmitting in the same

radio wave space

• Examples include cell phones and microwaves, common examples

are 802.11b, 802.11g. and 802.11f

• They vary in transmission speed and frequency

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OSI Model
Physical Layer

A frame is conveyed as bits onto the media

The physical topology and the components are the

issues at this layer

Physical components include the media (cabling, radio

waves, etc), the connectors, the NIC and the signal
repeating devices like the hub and repeater
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Physical Components (Layer 1)
Network Topologies
Physical vs. Logical Topology
1- Bus

• A bus topology is a single cable that connects all computers in a line

• Each end must be terminated, one must be grounded

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Physical Components (Layer 1)…..
• Ring Topology
• Every computer serves as Ack T T
a repeater to boost signals T
• Typical way to send data: T dat T dat
a a
• Token passing
• only the computer who T
T
gets the token can send T Ack T Ackdat
a
data
• Disadvantages T
• Difficult to add computers T Ack
• More expensive
• If one computer fails, whole network fails
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Physical Components (Layer 1)…..
3- Star

• In a star topology the computers are connected to a central HUB

via cable segments

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How to construct a network with Bus / Star
Topology?

Bus Topology

Coaxial
cable

Star Topology

BNC T-Connector
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Physical Components (Layer 1)
4- Mesh

• Commonly used in
WAN configurations

• Routers are
connected to multiple
links for redundancy

• Provides the ability to

determine the
quickest route to a
destination and to
change routes when a
connection is broken

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Network Protocols
TCP/IP

• Transport Control Protocol/Internet Protocol is the protocol used on

the Internet and by Windows networked operating systems

• TCP/IP uses 32 bit IP addresses and subnet masks to identify the

network and node

IPX/SPX

• Novell Netware uses this protocol that is easier to configure but

both nodes must use the same frame type for communication to
work

• The IPX address is based on the node MAC address

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Types of nodes important to networks
Hub A device that repeats or broadcasts the network stream of
information to individual nodes ( usually personal computers)

Switch A device that receives packets from its input link, and then
sorts them and transmits them over the proper link that connects to the node
addressed.

Bridge A link between two networks that have identical rules of

communication.

Gateway A link between two different networks that have different rules
of communication.

Router A node that sends network packets in one of many possible

directions to get
Brouter A hyprid devices that combine the features of both bridges and
routers

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Objectives Revisited
Explain the network concept

Explain how to connect to a network

Describe the OSI Model layers

Differentiate between Physical layer components

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Basics of Networking

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CCNA Certified

Thank You.

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