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    Introduction To Databases Transparencies: © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

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    Chandra E Saputra
    msql

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    Introduction To Databases Transparencies: © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

    Uploaded by

    Chandra E Saputra
    89 views24 pages
    msql

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    0321210255_ch01

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    msql

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    89 views24 pages

    Introduction To Databases Transparencies: © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

    Uploaded by

    Chandra E Saputra
    msql

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 24

    Chapter 1

    Introduction to Databases Transparencies

    Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

    Chapter 1 - Objectives
    Some common uses of database systems. Characteristics of file-based systems. Problems with file-based approach. Meaning of the term database. Meaning of the term Database Management System (DBMS).

    Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

    Chapter 1 - Objectives
    Typical functions of a DBMS. Major components of the DBMS environment. Personnel involved in the DBMS environment. History of the development of DBMSs. Advantages and disadvantages of DBMSs.

    Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

    Examples of Database Applications


    Purchases from the supermarket Purchases using your credit card Booking a holiday at the travel agents Using the local library Taking out insurance Renting a video Using the Internet Studying at university

    Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

    File-Based Systems

    Collection of application programs that perform services for the end users (e.g. reports). Each program defines and manages its own data.

    Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

    File-Based Processing

    Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

    Limitations of File-Based Approach

    Separation and isolation of data


    Each program maintains its own set of data. Users of one program may be unaware of potentially useful data held by other programs.

    Duplication of data
    Same data is held by different programs. Wasted space and potentially different values and/or different formats for the same item.

    Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

    Limitations of File-Based Approach


    Data

    dependence file formats

    File structure is defined in the program code.


    Incompatible

    Programs are written in different languages, and so cannot easily access each others files.
    Fixed

    Queries/Proliferation of application programs


    Programs are written to satisfy particular functions. Any new requirement needs a new program.
    Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

    Database Approach

    Arose because:
    Definition of data was embedded in application programs, rather than being stored separately and independently. No control over access and manipulation of data beyond that imposed by application programs.

    Result:
    the database and Database Management System (DBMS).

    Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

    Database

    Shared collection of logically related data (and a description of this data), designed to meet the information needs of an organization.

    System catalog (metadata) provides description of data to enable programdata independence.


    Logically related data comprises entities, attributes, and relationships of an organizations information.
    Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

    Database Management System (DBMS)

    A software system that enables users to define, create, maintain, and control access to the database.

    (Database)

    application program: a computer program that interacts with database by issuing an appropriate request (SQL statement) to the DBMS.

    Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

    Database Management System (DBMS)

    Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

    Database Approach

    Data definition language (DDL).


    Permits specification of data types, structures and any data constraints. All specifications are stored in the database.

    Data manipulation language (DML).


    General enquiry facility (query language) of the data.

    Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

    Database Approach
    Controlled

    access to database may

    include:
    a security system an integrity system a concurrency control system a recovery control system a user-accessible catalog.

    Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

    Views

    Allows each user to have his or her own view of the database. A view is essentially some subset of the database.

    Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

    Views - Benefits
    Reduce

    complexity Provide a level of security Provide a mechanism to customize the appearance of the database Present a consistent, unchanging picture of the structure of the database, even if the underlying database is changed

    Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

    Components of DBMS Environment

    Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

    Components of DBMS Environment


    Hardware

    Can range from a PC to a network of computers.


    Software

    DBMS, operating system, network software (if necessary) and also the application programs.
    Data

    Used by the organization and a description of this data called the schema.

    Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

    Components of DBMS Environment


    Procedures

    Instructions and rules that should be applied to the design and use of the database and DBMS.
    People

    Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

    Roles in the Database Environment


    Data Administrator (DA) Database Administrator (DBA) Database Designers (Logical and Physical) Application Programmers End Users (naive and sophisticated)

    Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

    History of Database Systems

    First-generation
    Hierarchical and Network

    Second generation
    Relational

    Third generation
    Object-Relational Object-Oriented

    Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

    Advantages of DBMSs
    Control

    of data redundancy Data consistency More information from the same amount of data Sharing of data Improved data integrity Improved security Enforcement of standards Economy of scale
    Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

    Advantages of DBMSs
    Balance conflicting requirements Improved data accessibility and responsiveness Increased productivity Improved maintenance through data independence Increased concurrency Improved backup and recovery services

    Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

    Disadvantages of DBMSs
    Complexity Size Cost of DBMS Additional hardware costs Cost of conversion Performance Higher impact of a failure

    Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

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