VECTOR CALCULUS AND

LINEAR ALGEBRA
MATRICES
COLLAGE
PRESENTED BY
DIVYESH HARWANI(130640109024)
LOKESH BHAGAT(130640109004)
RAJ PANDYA (130640109046)
PRANAV PARMAR(130640109051)
RESPECTED FACULTIES
RACHNA DESAI
PRIYANKA NATHANI
MATRICES
Systems of Linear Equations:
An Introduction
Unique Solutions
Underdetermined and
Overdetermined Systems
Matrices
Multiplication of Matrices
The Inverse of a Square Matrix
Systems of Linear Equations and Matrices
Systems of Linear Equations:
An Introduction
Systems of Equations
Recall that a system of two linear equations in two variables may be
written in the general form


where a, b, c, d, h, and k are real numbers and neither a and b
nor c and d are both zero.
Recall that the graph of each equation in the system is a straight line
in the plane, so that geometrically, the solution to the system is the
point(s) of intersection of the two straight lines L
1
and L
2
,
represented by the first and second equations of the system.
ax by h
cx dy k
+ =
+ =
Systems of Equations
Given the two straight lines L
1
and L
2
, one and only one of the
following may occur:
1. L
1
and L
2
intersect at exactly one point.
y
x
L
1
L
2
Unique solution
(x
1
, y
1
)
(x
1
, y
1
)
x
1

y
1

Systems of Equations
Given the two straight lines L
1
and L
2
, one and only one of the
following may occur:
2. L
1
and L
2
are coincident.
y
x
L
1
, L
2
Infinitely many
solutions
Systems of Equations
Given the two straight lines L
1
and L
2
, one and only one of the
following may occur:
3. L
1
and L
2
are parallel.
y
x
L
1
L
2
No solution
Example:
A System of Equations With Exactly One Solution
Consider the system


Solving the first equation for y in terms of x, we obtain

Substituting this expression for y into the second equation yields
2 1
3 2 12
x y
x y
=
+ =
2 1 y x =
3 2(2 1) 12
3 4 2 12
7 14
2
x x
x x
x
x
+ =
+ =
=
=
Example:
A System of Equations With Exactly One Solution
Finally, substituting this value of x into the expression for y obtained earlier gives



Therefore, the unique solution of the system is given by x = 2 and y = 3.
2 1
2(2) 1
3
y x =
=
=
1

2

3 4

5 6
6
5
4
3
2
1

1
Example:
A System of Equations With Exactly One Solution
Geometrically, the two lines represented by the two equations that make up the
system intersect at the point (2, 3):
y
x
(2, 3)
2 1 x y =
3 2 12 x y + =
Example:
A System of Equations With Infinitely Many Solutions
Consider the system

Solving the first equation for y in terms of x, we obtain

Substituting this expression for y into the second equation yields



which is a true statement.
This result follows from the fact that the second equation is equivalent to the first.
2 1
6 3 3
x y
x y
=
=
2 1 y x =
6 3(2 1) 3
6 6 3 3
0 0
x x
x x
=
+ =
=
Example:
A System of Equations With Infinitely Many Solutions
Thus, any order pair of numbers (x, y) satisfying the equation y = 2x 1
constitutes a solution to the system.
By assigning the value t to x, where t is any real number, we find that y = 2t 1 and
so the ordered pair (t, 2t 1) is a solution to the system.
The variable t is called a parameter.
For example:
Setting t = 0, gives the point (0, 1) as a solution of the system.
Setting t = 1, gives the point (1, 1) as another solution of the system.
6
5
4
3
2
1

1

1

2

3 4

5 6
Example:
A System of Equations With Infinitely Many Solutions
Since t represents any real number, there are infinitely many solutions of the
system.
Geometrically, the two equations in the system represent the same line, and all
solutions of the system are points lying on the line:
y
x
2 1
6 3 3
x y
x y
=
=
Example:
A System of Equations That Has No Solution
Consider the system

Solving the first equation for y in terms of x, we obtain

Substituting this expression for y into the second equation yields



which is clearly impossible.
Thus, there is no solution to the system of equations.
2 1
6 3 12
x y
x y
=
=

2 1 y x =
6 3(2 1) 12
6 6 3 12
0 9
x x
x x
=
+ =
=


1

2

3 4

5 6
Example:
A System of Equations That Has No Solution
To interpret the situation geometrically, cast both equations in the slope-intercept
form, obtaining
y = 2x 1 and y = 2x 4
which shows that the lines are parallel.
Graphically:
6
5
4
3
2
1

1
y
x
2 1 x y =
6 3 12 x y =
Systems of Linear Equations:
Unique Solutions
3 2 8 9
2 2 1 3
1 2 3 8

(
(

(
(

3 2 8 9
2 2 1 3
1 2 3 8

(
(

(
(

3 2 8 9
2 2 3
2 3 8

x y z
x y z
x y z
+ =
+ + =
+ =
3 2 8 9
2 2 3
2 3 8

x y z
x y z
x y z
+ =
+ + =
+ =
1 0 0 3
0 1 0 4
0 0 1 1

(
(
(
(

1 0 0 3
0 1 0 4
0 0 1 1

(
(
(
(

The Gauss-Jordan Method
The Gauss-Jordan elimination method is a technique for solving
systems of linear equations of any size.
The operations of the Gauss-Jordan method are
1. Interchange any two equations.
2. Replace an equation by a nonzero constant multiple of itself.
3. Replace an equation by the sum of that equation and a constant multiple of any
other equation.

Example
Solve the following system of equations:




Solution
First, we transform this system into an equivalent system in which the coefficient
of x in the first equation is 1:
2 4 6 22
3 8 5 27
2 2
x y z
x y z
x y z
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
2 4 6 22
3 8 5 27
2 2
x y z
x y z
x y z
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
Multiply the equation by
1/2
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Example
Solve the following system of equations:




Solution
First, we transform this system into an equivalent system in which the coefficient
of x in the first equation is 1:
2 4 6 22
3 8 5 27
2 2
x y z
x y z
x y z
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
2 3 11
3 8 5 27
2 2
x y z
x y z
x y z
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
Multiply the first
equation by 1/2
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Example
Solve the following system of equations:




Solution
Next, we eliminate the variable x from all equations except the first:
2 4 6 22
3 8 5 27
2 2
x y z
x y z
x y z
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
2 3 11
3 8 5 27
2 2
x y z
x y z
x y z
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
Replace by the sum of 3 X
the first equation + the second
equation
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Example
Solve the following system of equations:




Solution
Next, we eliminate the variable x from all equations except the first:
2 4 6 22
3 8 5 27
2 2
x y z
x y z
x y z
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
2 3 11
2 4 6
2 2
x y z
y z
x y z
+ + =
=
+ + =
Replace by the sum of 3
the first equation + the second
equation
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Example
Solve the following system of equations:




Solution
Next, we eliminate the variable x from all equations except the first:
2 4 6 22
3 8 5 27
2 2
x y z
x y z
x y z
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
2 3 11
2 4 6
2 2
x y z
y z
x y z
+ + =
=
+ + =
Replace by the sum of the
first equation + the third
equation
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Example
Solve the following system of equations:




Solution
Next, we eliminate the variable x from all equations except the first:
2 4 6 22
3 8 5 27
2 2
x y z
x y z
x y z
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
2 3 11
2 4 6
3 5 13
x y z
y z
y z
+ + =
=
+ =
Replace by the sum of the
first equation + the third
equation
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Example
Solve the following system of equations:




Solution
Then we transform so that the coefficient of y in the second equation is 1:
2 4 6 22
3 8 5 27
2 2
x y z
x y z
x y z
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
2 3 11
2 4 6
3 5 13
x y z
y z
y z
+ + =
=
+ =
Multiply the second equation by
1/2
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Example
Solve the following system of equations:




Solution
Then we transform so that the coefficient of y in the second equation is 1:
2 4 6 22
3 8 5 27
2 2
x y z
x y z
x y z
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
2 3 11
2 3
3 5 13
x y z
y z
y z
+ + =
=
+ =
Multiply the second equation by
1/2
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Example
Solve the following system of equations:




Solution
We now eliminate y from all equations except the second:
2 4 6 22
3 8 5 27
2 2
x y z
x y z
x y z
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
2 3 11
2 3
3 5 13
x y z
y z
y z
+ + =
=
+ =
Replace by the sum of the first
equation + (2) the
second equation
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Example
Solve the following system of equations:




Solution
We now eliminate y from all equations except the second:
2 4 6 22
3 8 5 27
2 2
x y z
x y z
x y z
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
7 17
2 3
3 5 13
x z
y z
y z
+ =
=
+ =
Replace by the sum of the first
equation + (2) the
second equation
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Example
Solve the following system of equations:




Solution
We now eliminate y from all equations except the second:
2 4 6 22
3 8 5 27
2 2
x y z
x y z
x y z
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
7 17
2 3
3 5 13
x z
y z
y z
+ =
=
+ =
Replace by the sum of the third
equation + (3) the
second equation
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Example
Solve the following system of equations:




Solution
We now eliminate y from all equations except the second:
2 4 6 22
3 8 5 27
2 2
x y z
x y z
x y z
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
7 17
2 3
11 22
x z
y z
z
+ =
=
=
Replace by the sum of the third
equation + (3) the
second equation
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Example
Solve the following system of equations:




Solution
Now we transform so that the coefficient of z in the third equation is 1:
2 4 6 22
3 8 5 27
2 2
x y z
x y z
x y z
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
7 17
2 3
11 22
x z
y z
z
+ =
=
=
Multiply the third equation
by 1/11
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Example
Solve the following system of equations:




Solution
Now we transform so that the coefficient of z in the third equation is 1:
2 4 6 22
3 8 5 27
2 2
x y z
x y z
x y z
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
7 17
2 3
2
x z
y z
z
+ =
=
=
Multiply the third equation
by 1/11
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Example
Solve the following system of equations:




Solution
We now eliminate z from all equations except the third:
2 4 6 22
3 8 5 27
2 2
x y z
x y z
x y z
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
Replace by the sum of the first
equation + (7) the third
equation
7 17
2 3
2
x z
y z
z
+ =
=
=
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Example
Solve the following system of equations:




Solution
We now eliminate z from all equations except the third:
2 4 6 22
3 8 5 27
2 2
x y z
x y z
x y z
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
3
2 3
2
x
y z
z
=
=
=
Replace by the sum of the first
equation + (7) the third
equation
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Example
Solve the following system of equations:




Solution
We now eliminate z from all equations except the third:
2 4 6 22
3 8 5 27
2 2
x y z
x y z
x y z
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
3
2 3
2
x
y z
z
=
=
=
Replace by the sum of the
second equation + 2 the
third equation
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Example
Solve the following system of equations:




Solution
We now eliminate z from all equations except the third:
2 4 6 22
3 8 5 27
2 2
x y z
x y z
x y z
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
3
1
2








x
y
z
=
=
=
Replace by the sum of the
second equation + 2 the
third equation
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Example
Solve the following system of equations:




Solution
Thus, the solution to the system is x = 3, y = 1, and z = 2.
2 4 6 22
3 8 5 27
2 2
x y z
x y z
x y z
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
3
1
2








x
y
z
=
=
=
Augmented Matrices
Matrices are rectangular arrays of numbers that can aid us by eliminating the need
to write the variables at each step of the reduction.
For example, the system




may be represented by the augmented matrix
Coefficient Matrix
2 4 6 22
3 8 5 27
2 2
x y z
x y z
x y z
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
2 4 6 22
3 8 5 27
1 1 2 2

(
(
(
(

Matrices and Gauss-Jordan
Every step in the Gauss-Jordan elimination method can be expressed with matrices,
rather than systems of equations, thus simplifying the whole process:
Steps expressed as systems of equations:




Steps expressed as augmented matrices:
2 4 6 22
3 8 5 27
2 2
x y z
x y z
x y z
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
2 4 6 22
3 8 5 27
1 1 2 2

(
(
(
(

Toggle slides back and
forth to compare before
and changes
Matrices and Gauss-Jordan
Every step in the Gauss-Jordan elimination method can be expressed with matrices,
rather than systems of equations, thus simplifying the whole process:
Steps expressed as systems of equations:




Steps expressed as augmented matrices:
1 2 3 11
3 8 5 27
1 1 2 2

(
(
(
(

2 3 11
3 8 5 27
2 2
x y z
x y z
x y z
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
Toggle slides back and
forth to compare before
and changes
Matrices and Gauss-Jordan
Every step in the Gauss-Jordan elimination method can be expressed with matrices,
rather than systems of equations, thus simplifying the whole process:
Steps expressed as systems of equations:




Steps expressed as augmented matrices:
1 2 3 11
0 2 4 6
1 1 2 2

(
(

(
(

2 3 11
2 4 6
2 2
x y z
y z
x y z
+ + =
=
+ + =
Toggle slides back and
forth to compare before
and changes
Matrices and Gauss-Jordan
Every step in the Gauss-Jordan elimination method can be expressed with matrices,
rather than systems of equations, thus simplifying the whole process:
Steps expressed as systems of equations:




Steps expressed as augmented matrices:
1 2 3 11
0 2 4 6
0 3 5 13

(
(

(
(

2 3 11
2 4 6
3 5 13
x y z
y z
y z
+ + =
=
+ =
Toggle slides back and
forth to compare before
and changes
Matrices and Gauss-Jordan
Every step in the Gauss-Jordan elimination method can be expressed with matrices,
rather than systems of equations, thus simplifying the whole process:
Steps expressed as systems of equations:




Steps expressed as augmented matrices:
1 2 3 11
0 1 2 3
0 3 5 13

(
(

(
(

2 3 11
2 3
3 5 13
x y z
y z
y z
+ + =
=
+ =
Toggle slides back and
forth to compare before
and changes
Matrices and Gauss-Jordan
Every step in the Gauss-Jordan elimination method can be expressed with matrices,
rather than systems of equations, thus simplifying the whole process:
Steps expressed as systems of equations:




Steps expressed as augmented matrices:
1 0 7 17
0 1 2 3
0 3 5 13

(
(

(
(

7 17
2 3
3 5 13
x z
y z
y z
+ =
=
+ =
Toggle slides back and
forth to compare before
and changes
Matrices and Gauss-Jordan
Every step in the Gauss-Jordan elimination method can be expressed with matrices,
rather than systems of equations, thus simplifying the whole process:
Steps expressed as systems of equations:




Steps expressed as augmented matrices:
1 0 7 17
0 1 2 3
0 0 11 22
(
(

(
(


7 17
2 3
11 22
x z
y z
z
+ =
=
=
Toggle slides back and
forth to compare before
and changes
Matrices and Gauss-Jordan
Every step in the Gauss-Jordan elimination method can be expressed with matrices,
rather than systems of equations, thus simplifying the whole process:
Steps expressed as systems of equations:




Steps expressed as augmented matrices:
1 0 7 17
0 1 2 3
0 0 1 2
(
(

(
(


7 17
2 3
2
x z
y z
z
+ =
=
=
Toggle slides back and
forth to compare before
and changes
Matrices and Gauss-Jordan
Every step in the Gauss-Jordan elimination method can be expressed with matrices,
rather than systems of equations, thus simplifying the whole process:
Steps expressed as systems of equations:




Steps expressed as augmented matrices:
1 0 0 3
0 1 2 3
0 0 1 2
(
(

(
(


3
2 3
2
x
y z
z
=
=
=
Toggle slides back and
forth to compare before
and changes
Matrices and Gauss-Jordan
Every step in the Gauss-Jordan elimination method can be expressed with matrices,
rather than systems of equations, thus simplifying the whole process:
Steps expressed as systems of equations:




Steps expressed as augmented matrices:
1 0 0 3
0 1 0 1
0 0 1 2

(
(
(
(

3
1
2








x
y
z
=
=
=
Row Reduced Form of the
Matrix
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Row-Reduced Form of a Matrix
Each row consisting entirely of zeros lies below all rows having nonzero
entries.
The first nonzero entry in each nonzero row is 1 (called a leading 1).
In any two successive (nonzero) rows, the leading 1 in the lower row lies to
the right of the leading 1 in the upper row.
If a column contains a leading 1, then the other entries in that column are
zeros.
Row Operations
1. Interchange any two rows.
2. Replace any row by a nonzero constant multiple of itself.
3. Replace any row by the sum of that row and a constant
multiple of any other row.
Terminology for the
Gauss-Jordan Elimination Method
Unit Column
A column in a coefficient matrix is in unit form if one of the entries in
the column is a 1 and the other entries are zeros.
Pivoting
The sequence of row operations that transforms a given column in an
augmented matrix into a unit column.
Notation for Row Operations
Letting R
i
denote the ith row of a matrix, we write
Operation 1: R
i
R
j
to mean:
Interchange row i with row j.
Operation 2: cR
i
to mean:
replace row i with c times row i.
Operation 3: R
i
+ aR
j
to mean:
Replace row i with the sum of row i and a times row j.
Example
Pivot the matrix about the circled element



Solution
3 5 9
2 3 5
(
(

3 5 9
2 3 5
(
(

1
1 3
R
5
3
3 1
5 2 3

(
(

2 1
2 R R
5
3
1
3
1 3
0 1
(
(


The Gauss-Jordan Elimination Method
1. Write the augmented matrix corresponding to the linear system.
2. Interchange rows, if necessary, to obtain an augmented matrix in
which the first entry in the first row is nonzero. Then pivot the
matrix about this entry.
3. Interchange the second row with any row below it, if necessary, to
obtain an augmented matrix in which the second entry in the second
row is nonzero. Pivot the matrix about this entry.
4. Continue until the final matrix is in row-reduced form.
Example
Use the Gauss-Jordan elimination method to solve the system of equations




Solution
3 2 8 9
2 2 3
2 3 8

x y z
x y z
x y z
+ =
+ + =
+ =
3 2 8 9
2 2 1 3
1 2 3 8

(
(

(
(

1 2
R R +
Toggle slides back and forth to
compare before and after matrix
changes
Example
Use the Gauss-Jordan elimination method to solve the system of equations




Solution
3 2 8 9
2 2 3
2 3 8

x y z
x y z
x y z
+ =
+ + =
+ =
1 0 9 12
2 2 1 3
1 2 3 8

(
(

(
(

2 1
2 R R +
3 1
R R
1 2
R R +
Toggle slides back and forth to
compare before and after matrix
changes
Example
Use the Gauss-Jordan elimination method to solve the system of equations




Solution
3 2 8 9
2 2 3
2 3 8

x y z
x y z
x y z
+ =
+ + =
+ =
1 0 9 12
0 2 19 27
0 2 12 4

(
(
(
(


2 1
2 R R +
3 1
R R
2 3
R R
Toggle slides back and forth to
compare before and after matrix
changes
Example
Use the Gauss-Jordan elimination method to solve the system of equations




Solution
3 2 8 9
2 2 3
2 3 8

x y z
x y z
x y z
+ =
+ + =
+ =
2 3
R R
1
2 2
R
1 0 9 12
0 2 12 4
0 2 19 27

(
(

(
(

Toggle slides back and forth to
compare before and after matrix
changes
Example
Use the Gauss-Jordan elimination method to solve the system of equations




Solution
3 2 8 9
2 2 3
2 3 8

x y z
x y z
x y z
+ =
+ + =
+ =
1
2 2
R
1 0 9 12
0 1 6 2
0 2 19 27

(
(

(
(

3 2
R R
Toggle slides back and forth to
compare before and after matrix
changes
Example
Use the Gauss-Jordan elimination method to solve the system of equations




Solution
3 2 8 9
2 2 3
2 3 8

x y z
x y z
x y z
+ =
+ + =
+ =
1 0 9 12
0 1 6 2
0 0 31 31

(
(

(
(

3 2
R R
1
3 31
R
Toggle slides back and forth to
compare before and after matrix
changes
Example
Use the Gauss-Jordan elimination method to solve the system of equations




Solution
3 2 8 9
2 2 3
2 3 8

x y z
x y z
x y z
+ =
+ + =
+ =
1 0 9 12
0 1 6 2
0 0 1 1
(
(

(
(


1
3 31
R
1 3
9 R R
2 3
6 R R +
Toggle slides back and forth to
compare before and after matrix
changes
Example
Use the Gauss-Jordan elimination method to solve the system of equations




Solution
3 2 8 9
2 2 3
2 3 8

x y z
x y z
x y z
+ =
+ + =
+ =
1 0 0 3
0 1 0 4
0 0 1 1

(
(
(
(

2 3
6 R R +
1 3
9 R R
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compare before and after matrix
changes
Example
Use the Gauss-Jordan elimination method to solve the system of equations




Solution




The solution to the system is thus x = 3, y = 4, and z = 1.
3 2 8 9
2 2 3
2 3 8

x y z
x y z
x y z
+ =
+ + =
+ =
1 0 0 3
0 1 0 4
0 0 1 1

(
(
(
(

Systems of Linear Equations:
Underdetermined and Overdetermined systems
2 3 2
3 2 1
2 3 5 3

x y z
x y z
x y z
+ =
=
+ =
1 2 3 2
3 1 2 1
2 3 5 3

(
(

(
(

1
x z
y z
=
=
0
1
x z
y z
=
=
A System of Equations
with an Infinite Number of Solutions
Solve the system of equations given by




Solution
2 3 2
3 2 1
2 3 5 3

x y z
x y z
x y z
+ =
=
+ =
1 2 3 2
3 1 2 1
2 3 5 3

(
(

(
(


2 1
3 R R
3 1
2 R R
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changes
A System of Equations
with an Infinite Number of Solutions
Solve the system of equations given by




Solution
2 3 2
3 2 1
2 3 5 3

x y z
x y z
x y z
+ =
=
+ =
1 2 3 2
0 7 7 7
0 1 1 1

(
(

(
(

2 1
3 R R
3 1
2 R R
1
2 7
R
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changes
A System of Equations
with an Infinite Number of Solutions
Solve the system of equations given by




Solution
2 3 2
3 2 1
2 3 5 3

x y z
x y z
x y z
+ =
=
+ =
1 2 3 2
0 1 1 1
0 1 1 1

(
(

(
(

1
2 7
R
1 2
2 R R
3 2
R R +
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changes
A System of Equations
with an Infinite Number of Solutions
Solve the system of equations given by




Solution
2 3 2
3 2 1
2 3 5 3

x y z
x y z
x y z
+ =
=
+ =
1 0 1 0
0 1 1 1
0 0 0 0

(
(

(
(

1 2
2 R R
3 2
R R +
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A System of Equations
with an Infinite Number of Solutions
Solve the system of equations given by




Solution




Observe that row three reads 0 = 0, which is true but of no use to us.
2 3 2
3 2 1
2 3 5 3

x y z
x y z
x y z
+ =
=
+ =
1 0 1 0
0 1 1 1
0 0 0 0

(
(

(
(

A System of Equations
with an Infinite Number of Solutions
Solve the system of equations given by




Solution
This last augmented matrix is in row-reduced form.
Interpreting it as a system of equations gives a system of two equations in three
variables x, y, and z:
2 3 2
3 2 1
2 3 5 3

x y z
x y z
x y z
+ =
=
+ =
1 0 1 0
0 1 1 1
0 0 0 0

(
(

(
(

0
1
x z
y z
=
=
A System of Equations
with an Infinite Number of Solutions
Solve the system of equations given by




Solution
Lets single out a single variable

say, z and solve for x and y in terms of it.
If we assign a particular value of z

say, z = 0

we obtain x = 0 and y = 1, giving the
solution (0, 1, 0).
2 3 2
3 2 1
2 3 5 3

x y z
x y z
x y z
+ =
=
+ =
1
x z
y z
=
=
0
1
x z
y z
=
=
(0) 0
(0) 1 1
= =
= =
A System of Equations
with an Infinite Number of Solutions
Solve the system of equations given by




Solution
Lets single out a single variable

say, z and solve for x and y in terms of it.
If we instead assign z = 1, we obtain the solution (1, 0, 1).
2 3 2
3 2 1
2 3 5 3

x y z
x y z
x y z
+ =
=
+ =
1
x z
y z
=
=
0
1
x z
y z
=
=
(1) 1
(1) 1 0
= =
= =
A System of Equations
with an Infinite Number of Solutions
Solve the system of equations given by




Solution
Lets single out a single variable

say, z and solve for x and y in terms of it.
In general, we set z = t, where t represents any real number (called the parameter) to
obtain the solution (t, t 1, t).
2 3 2
3 2 1
2 3 5 3

x y z
x y z
x y z
+ =
=
+ =
1
x z
y z
=
=
0
1
x z
y z
=
=
( )
( ) 1 1
t t
t t
= =
= =
A System of Equations That Has No Solution
Solve the system of equations given by




Solution
1
3 4
5 5 1




x y z
x y z
x y z
+ + =
=
+ + =
1 1 1 1
3 1 1 4
1 5 5 1

(
(

(
(

2 1
3 R R
3 1
R R
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changes
A System of Equations That Has No Solution
Solve the system of equations given by




Solution
1 1 1 1
0 4 4 1
0 4 4 2

(
(

(
(

2 1
3 R R
3 1
R R
3 2
R R +
1
3 4
5 5 1




x y z
x y z
x y z
+ + =
=
+ + =
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compare before and after matrix
changes
A System of Equations That Has No Solution
Solve the system of equations given by




Solution
1 1 1 1
0 4 4 1
0 0 0 1

(
(

(
(

3 2
R R +
1
3 4
5 5 1




x y z
x y z
x y z
+ + =
=
+ + =
Toggle slides back and forth to
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changes
A System of Equations That Has No Solution
Solve the system of equations given by




Solution




Observe that row three reads 0x + 0y + 0z = 1 or 0 = 1!
We therefore conclude the system is inconsistent and has no solution.
1 1 1 1
0 4 4 1
0 0 0 1

(
(

(
(

1
3 4
5 5 1




x y z
x y z
x y z
+ + =
=
+ + =
Systems with no Solution
If there is a row in the augmented matrix containing all zeros to the left
of the vertical line and a nonzero entry to the right of the line, then the
system of equations has no solution.
Theorem 1
a. If the number of equations is greater than or equal to the number of
variables in a linear system, then one of the following is true:
i. The system has no solution.
ii. The system has exactly one solution.
iii. The system has infinitely many solutions.
b. If there are fewer equations than variables in a linear system, then
the system either has no solution or it has infinitely many solutions.
Matrices
2 3
2 3
X B A
X A B
+ =
=
2 3
2 3
X B A
X A B
+ =
=
3 4 3 2
3
1 2 1 2
( (
=
( (


3 4 3 2
3
1 2 1 2
( (
=
( (


9 12 3 2
3 6 1 2
( (
=
( (


9 12 3 2
3 6 1 2
( (
=
( (


6 10
2 4
(
=
(

6 10
2 4
(
=
(

6 10
1
2 4 2
X
(
=
(

6 10
1
2 4 2
X
(
=
(

3 5
1 2
(
=
(

3 5
1 2
(
=
(

Matrix
A matrix is an ordered rectangular array of numbers.
A matrix with m rows and n columns has size m n.
The entry in the ith row and jth column is denoted by a
ij
.
Applied Example: Organizing Production Data
The Acrosonic Company manufactures four different loudspeaker systems at three
separate locations.
The companys May output is as follows:





If we agree to preserve the relative location of each entry in the table, we can
summarize the set of data as follows:
Model A Model B Model C Model D
Location I 320 280 460 280
Location II 480 360 580 0
Location III 540 420 200 880
320 280 460 280
480 360 580 0
540 420 200 880
(
(
(
(

Applied Example: Organizing Production Data
We have Acrosonics May output expressed as a matrix:




a. What is the size of the matrix P?

Solution
Matrix P has three rows and four columns and hence has size 3 4.
320 280 460 280
480 360 580 0
540 420 200 880
P
(
(
=
(
(

Applied Example: Organizing Production Data
We have Acrosonics May output expressed as a matrix:




b. Find a
24
(the entry in row 2 and column 4 of the matrix P) and give an
interpretation of this number.
Solution
The required entry lies in row 2 and column 4, and is the number 0. This means
that no model D loudspeaker system was manufactured at location II in May.
320 280 460 280
480 360 580 0
540 420 200 880
P
(
(
=
(
(

Applied Example: Organizing Production Data
We have Acrosonics May output expressed as a matrix:




c. Find the sum of the entries that make up row 1 of P and interpret the result.
Solution
The required sum is given by
320 + 280 + 460 + 280 = 1340
which gives the total number of loudspeaker systems manufactured at
location I in May as 1340 units.
320 280 460 280
480 360 580 0
540 420 200 880
P
(
(
=
(
(

Applied Example: Organizing Production Data
We have Acrosonics May output expressed as a matrix:




d. Find the sum of the entries that make up column 4 of P and interpret the
result.
Solution
The required sum is given by
280 + 0 + 880 = 1160
giving the output of Model D loudspeaker systems at all locations in May as
1160 units.
320 280 460 280
480 360 580 0
540 420 200 880
P
(
(
=
(
(

Equality of Matrices
Two matrices are equal if they have the same size and their
corresponding entries are equal.
Example
Solve the following matrix equation for x, y, and z:



Solution
Since the corresponding elements of the two matrices must be equal, we find that x
= 4, z = 3, and y 1 = 1, or y = 2.
1 3 1 4
2 1 2 2 1 2
x z
y
( (
=
( (

Addition and Subtraction of Matrices
If A and B are two matrices of the same size, then:
1. The sum A + B is the matrix obtained by adding the corresponding entries in the two
matrices.
2. The difference A B is the matrix obtained by subtracting the corresponding entries
in B from those in A.
Applied Example: Organizing Production Data
The total output of Acrosonic for May is




The total output of Acrosonic for June is




Find the total output of the company for May and June.
Model A Model B Model C Model D
Location I 210 180 330 180
Location II 400 300 450 40
Location III 420 280 180 740
Model A Model B Model C Model D
Location I 320 280 460 280
Location II 480 360 580 0
Location III 540 420 200 880
Applied Example: Organizing Production Data
Solution
Expressing the output for May and June as matrices:
The total output of Acrosonic for May is



The total output of Acrosonic for June is
320 280 460 280
480 360 580 0
540 420 200 880
A
(
(
=
(
(

210 180 330 180
400 300 450 40
420 280 180 740
B
(
(
=
(
(

Applied Example: Organizing Production Data
Solution
The total output of the company for May and June is given by the matrix
320 280 460 280 210 180 330 180
480 360 580 0 400 300 450 40
540 420 200 880 420 280 180 740
530 460 790 460
880 660 1030 40
960 700 380 1620
A B
( (
( (
+ = +
( (
( (

(
(
=
(
(

Laws for Matrix Addition
If A, B, and C are matrices of the same size, then
1. A + B = B + A Commutative law
2. (A + B) + C = A + (B + C) Associative law
Transpose of a Matrix
If A is an m n matrix with elements a
ij
, then the transpose of
A is the n m matrix A
T
with elements a
ji
.
Example
Find the transpose of the matrix




Solution
The transpose of the matrix A is
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
A
(
(
=
(
(

1 4 7
2 5 8
3 6 9
T
A
(
(
=
(
(

Scalar Product
If A is a matrix and c is a real number, then the scalar product cA is
the matrix obtained by multiplying each entry of A by c.
Example
Given

find the matrix X that satisfies 2X + B = 3A
Solution 2 3
2 3
X B A
X A B
+ =
=
3 4 3 2
3
1 2 1 2
( (
=
( (


9 12 3 2
3 6 1 2
( (
=
( (


6 10
2 4
(
=
(

6 10
1
2 4 2
X
(
=
(

3 5
1 2
(
=
(

3 4 3 2
1 2 1 2
A B
( (
= =
( (


and
Applied Example: Production Planning
The management of Acrosonic has decided to increase its July production of
loudspeaker systems by 10% (over June output).
Find a matrix giving the targeted production for July.
Solution
We have seen that Acrosonics total output for June may be represented by the
matrix
210 180 330 180
400 300 450 40
420 280 180 740
B
(
(
=
(
(

Applied Example: Production Planning
The management of Acrosonic has decided to increase its July production of
loudspeaker systems by 10% (over June output).
Find a matrix giving the targeted production for July.
Solution
The required matrix is given by
210 180 330 180
(1.1) 1.1 400 300 450 40
420 280 180 740
B
(
(
=
(
(

231 198 363 198
440 330 495 44
462 308 198 814
(
(
=
(
(

Multiplication of Matrices
11 12 13 14
11 12 13
21 22 23 24
21 22 23
31 32 33 34

b b b b
a a a
A B b b b b
a a a
b b b b
(
(
(
= =
(
(

(

11 12 13 14
11 12 13
21 22 23 24
21 22 23
31 32 33 34

b b b b
a a a
A B b b b b
a a a
b b b b
(
(
(
= =
(
(

(

Size of A (2 3) (3 4) Size of B
(2 4)
Size of AB
Same
Multiplying a Row Matrix by a Column Matrix
If we have a row matrix of size 1 n,


And a column matrix of size n 1,



Then we may define the matrix product of A and B, written AB, by
1 2 3
[ ]
n
A a a a a =
1
2
3
n
b
b
B b
b
(
(
(
( =
(
(
(

1
2
1 2 3 3 1 1 2 2 3 3
[ ]
n n n
n
b
b
AB a a a a b a b a b a b a b
b
(
(
(
( = = + + + +
(
(
(

Example
Let


Find the matrix product AB.
Solution
2
3
[1 2 3 5]
0
1
a d n A B
(
(
(
= =
(
(

2
3
[1 2 3 5] (1)(2) ( 2)(3) (3)(0) (5)( 1) 9
0
1
AB
(
(
(
= = + + + =
(
(

Dimensions Requirement
for Matrices Being Multiplied
Note from the last example that for the multiplication to be feasible, the
number of columns of the row matrix A must be equal to the number of rows of
the column matrix B.
Dimensions of the Product Matrix
From last example, note that the product matrix AB has size 1 1.
This has to do with the fact that we are multiplying a row matrix with
a column matrix.
We can establish the dimensions of a product matrix schematically:
Size of A (1 n) (n 1) Size of B
Size of AB
(1 1)
Same
Dimensions of the Product Matrix
More generally, if A is a matrix of size m n and B is a matrix of size n p, then the
matrix product of A and B, AB, is defined and is a matrix of size m p.
Schematically:





The number of columns of A must be the same as the number of rows of B for the
multiplication to be feasible.
Size of A (m n) (n p) Size of B
Size of AB
(m p)
Same
Mechanics of Matrix Multiplication
To see how to compute the product of a 2 3 matrix A and a 3 4 matrix B, suppose



From the schematic




we see that the matrix product C = AB is feasible (since the number of columns of A equals
the number of rows of B) and has size 2 4.
11 12 13 14
11 12 13
21 22 23 24
21 22 23
31 32 33 34

b b b b
a a a
A B b b b b
a a a
b b b b
(
(
(
= =
(
(

(

Size of A (2 3) (3 4) Size of B
Size of AB
(2 4)
Same
Mechanics of Matrix Multiplication
To see how to compute the product of a 2 3 matrix A and a 3 4 matrix B, suppose



Thus,


To see how to calculate the entries of C consider entry c
11
:
11 12 13 14
21 22 23 24
c c c c
C
c c c c
(
=
(

11
11 11 12 13 21 11 11 12 21 13 31
31
[ ]
b
c a a a b a b a b a b
b
(
(
= = + +
(
(

11 12 13 14
11 12 13
21 22 23 24
21 22 23
31 32 33 34

b b b b
a a a
A B b b b b
a a a
b b b b
(
(
(
= =
(
(

(

Mechanics of Matrix Multiplication
To see how to compute the product of a 2 3 matrix A and a 3 4 matrix B, suppose



Thus,


Now consider calculating the entry c
12
:
11 12 13 14
21 22 23 24
c c c c
C
c c c c
(
=
(

12
12 11 12 13 22 11 12 12 22 13 32
32
[ ]
b
c a a a b a b a b a b
b
(
(
= = + +
(
(

11 12 13 14
11 12 13
21 22 23 24
21 22 23
31 32 33 34

b b b b
a a a
A B b b b b
a a a
b b b b
(
(
(
= =
(
(

(

Mechanics of Matrix Multiplication
To see how to compute the product of a 2 3 matrix A and a 3 4 matrix B, suppose



Thus,


Now consider calculating the entry c
21
:
11 12 13 14
21 22 23 24
c c c c
C
c c c c
(
=
(

11
21 21 22 23 21 21 11 22 21 23 31
31
[ ]
b
c a a a b a b a b a b
b
(
(
= = + +
(
(

11 12 13 14
11 12 13
21 22 23 24
21 22 23
31 32 33 34

b b b b
a a a
A B b b b b
a a a
b b b b
(
(
(
= =
(
(

(

Mechanics of Matrix Multiplication
To see how to compute the product of a 2 3 matrix A and a 3 4 matrix B, suppose



Thus,


Other entries are computed in a similar manner.
11 12 13 14
21 22 23 24
c c c c
C
c c c c
(
=
(

11 12 13 14
11 12 13
21 22 23 24
21 22 23
31 32 33 34

b b b b
a a a
A B b b b b
a a a
b b b b
(
(
(
= =
(
(

(

Example
Let

Compute AB.
Solution
Since the number of columns of A is equal to the number of rows of B, the matrix
product C = AB is defined.
The size of C is 2 3.
1 3 3
3 1 4
4 1 2
1 2 3
2 4 1
A B

(
(
(
= =
(
(

(

Example
Let

Compute AB.
Solution
Thus,



Calculate all entries for C:
1 3 3
3 1 4
4 1 2
1 2 3
2 4 1
A B

(
(
(
= =
(
(

(

11 12 13
21 22 23
1 3 3
3 1 4
4 1 2
1 2 3
2 4 1
c c c
C AB
c c c

(
( (
(
= = =
( (
(

(

11
1
[3 1 4] 4 (3)(1) (1)(4) (4)(2) 15
2
c
(
(
= = + + =
(
(

Example
Let

Compute AB.
Solution
Thus,



Calculate all entries for C:
1 3 3
3 1 4
4 1 2
1 2 3
2 4 1
A B

(
(
(
= =
(
(

(

12 13
21 22 23
1 3 3
15 3 1 4
4 1 2
1 2 3
2 4 1
c c
C AB
c c c

(
( (
(
= = =
( (
(

(

12
3
[3 1 4] 1 (3)(3) (1)( 1) (4)(4) 24
4
c
(
(
= = + + =
(
(

Example
Let

Compute AB.
Solution
Thus,



Calculate all entries for C:
1 3 3
3 1 4
4 1 2
1 2 3
2 4 1
A B

(
(
(
= =
(
(

(

13
21 22 23
1 3 3
15 24 3 1 4
4 1 2
1 2 3
2 4 1
c
C AB
c c c

(
( (
(
= = =
( (
(

(

13
3
[3 1 4] 2 (3)( 3) (1)(2) (4)(1) 3
1
c

(
(
= = + + =
(
(

Example
Let

Compute AB.
Solution
Thus,



Calculate all entries for C:
1 3 3
3 1 4
4 1 2
1 2 3
2 4 1
A B

(
(
(
= =
(
(

(

21 22 23
1 3 3
15 24 3 3 1 4
4 1 2
1 2 3
2 4 1
C AB
c c c

(

( (
(
= = =
( (
(

(

21
1
[ 1 2 3] 4 ( 1)(1) (2)(4) (3)(2) 13
2
c
(
(
= = + + =
(
(

Example
Let

Compute AB.
Solution
Thus,



Calculate all entries for C:
1 3 3
3 1 4
4 1 2
1 2 3
2 4 1
A B

(
(
(
= =
(
(

(

22 23
1 3 3
15 24 3 3 1 4
4 1 2
13 1 2 3
2 4 1
C AB
c c

(

( (
(
= = =
( (
(

(

22
3
[ 1 2 3] 1 ( 1)(3) (2)( 1) (3)(4) 7
4
c
(
(
= = + + =
(
(

Example
Let

Compute AB.
Solution
Thus,



Calculate all entries for C:
1 3 3
3 1 4
4 1 2
1 2 3
2 4 1
A B

(
(
(
= =
(
(

(

23
1 3 3
15 24 3 3 1 4
4 1 2
13 7 1 2 3
2 4 1
C AB
c

(

( (
(
= = =
( (
(

(

23
3
[ 1 2 3] 2 ( 1)( 3) (2)(2) (3)(1) 10
1
c

(
(
= = + + =
(
(

Example
Let

Compute AB.
Solution
Thus,
1 3 3
3 1 4
4 1 2
1 2 3
2 4 1
A B

(
(
(
= =
(
(

(

1 3 3
3 1 4 15 24 3
4 1 2
1 2 3 13 7 10
2 4 1
C AB

(

( (
(
= = =
( (
(

(

Laws for Matrix Multiplication
If the products and sums are defined for the matrices A, B, and C, then
1. (AB)C = A(BC) Associative law
2. A(B + C) = AB + AC Distributive law
Identity Matrix
The identity matrix of size n is given by
n rows
n columns
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
n
I

(
(

(
=
(
(


Properties of the Identity Matrix
The identity matrix has the properties that
I
n
A = A for any n r matrix A.
BI
n
= B for any s n matrix B.
In particular, if A is a square matrix of size n, then
n n
I A AI A = =
Example
Let



Then






So, I
3
A = AI
3
= A.
1 3 1
4 3 2
1 0 1
A
(
(
=
(
(

3
1 0 0 1 3 1 1 3 1
0 1 0 4 3 2 4 3 2
0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
I A A
( ( (
( ( (
= = =
( ( (
( ( (

3
1 3 1 1 0 0 1 3 1
4 3 2 0 1 0 4 3 2
1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1
AI A
( ( (
( ( (
= = =
( ( (
( ( (

Matrix Representation
A system of linear equations can be expressed in the form of an equation of
matrices. Consider the system



The coefficients on the left-hand side of the equation can be expressed as matrix A
below, the variables as matrix X, and the constants on right-hand side of the
equation as matrix B:
2 4 6
3 6 5 1
3 7 0


x y z
x y z
x y z
+ =
+ =
+ =
2 4 1 6
3 6 5 1
1 3 7 0

x
A X y B
z

( ( (
( ( (
= = =
( ( (
( ( (

Matrix Representation
A system of linear equations can be expressed in the form of an equation of
matrices. Consider the system



The matrix representation of the system of linear equations is given by AX = B, or
2 4 6
3 6 5 1
3 7 0


x y z
x y z
x y z
+ =
+ =
+ =
2 4 1 6
3 6 5 1
1 3 7 0
x
y
z

( ( (
( ( (
=
( ( (
( ( (

Matrix Representation
A system of linear equations can be expressed in the form of an equation of matrices. Consider the
system



To confirm this, we can multiply the two matrices on the left-hand side of the equation, obtaining





which, by matrix equality, is easily seen to be equivalent to the given system of linear equations.
2 4 6
3 6 5 1
3 7 0


x y z
x y z
x y z
+ =
+ =
+ =
2 4 6
3 6 5 1
3 7 0
x y z
x y z
x y z
+
( (
( (
+ =
( (
+ ( (

The Inverse of a Square Matrix
(3)(1) ( 1)(2) ( 1)( 1) 2
( 4)(1) (2)(2) (1)( 1) 1
( 1)(1) (0)(2) (1)( 1) 2




+ +
( (
( (
+ + =
( (
+ + ( (

(3)(1) ( 1)(2) ( 1)( 1) 2
( 4)(1) (2)(2) (1)( 1) 1
( 1)(1) (0)(2) (1)( 1) 2




+ +
( (
( (
+ + =
( (
+ + ( (

x
y
z
(
(
=
(
(

x
y
z
(
(
=
(
(

Inverse of a Matrix
Let A be a square matrix of size n.
A square matrix A
1
of size n such that

is called the inverse of A.
Not every matrix has an inverse.
A square matrix that has an inverse is said to be nonsingular.
A square matrix that does not have an inverse is said to be singular.
1 1
n
A A AA I

= =
Example: A Nonsingular Matrix
The matrix has a matrix

as its inverse.
This can be demonstrated by multiplying them:
1 2
3 4
A
(
=
(

1
3 1
2 2
2 1
A

(
=
(

1
3 1
2 2
2 1 1 2 1 0
3 4 0 1
AA I

( ( (
= = =
( ( (

1
3 1
2 2
2 1 1 2 1 0
3 4 0 1
A A I

( ( (
= = =
( ( (

Example: A Singular Matrix
The matrix does not have an inverse.

If B had an inverse given by where

a, b, c, and d are some appropriate numbers, then by definition of an inverse we would have
BB
1
= I.
That is




implying that 0 = 1, which is impossible!
0 1
0 0
B
(
=
(

0 1 1 0
0 0 0 1
1 0
0 0 0 1
a b
c d
c d
( ( (
=
( ( (

( (
=
( (

1
a b
B
c d

(
=
(

Finding the Inverse of a Square Matrix
Given the n n matrix A:
1. Adjoin the n n identity matrix I to obtain the augmented matrix
[A

|

I

].
2. Use a sequence of row operations to reduce [A

|

I

] to the form [I

|

B] if possible.
Then the matrix B is the inverse of A.
Example
Find the inverse of the matrix

Solution
We form the augmented matrix
2 1 1
3 2 1
2 1 2
A
(
(
=
(
(

2 1 1 1 0 0
3 2 1 0 1 0
2 1 2 0 0 1
(
(
(
(

Example
Find the inverse of the matrix

Solution
And use the Gauss-Jordan elimination method to reduce it to the form [I

|

B]:
2 1 1
3 2 1
2 1 2
A
(
(
=
(
(

2 1 1 1 0 0
3 2 1 0 1 0
2 1 2 0 0 1
(
(
(
(

1 2
R R
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and changes
Example
Find the inverse of the matrix

Solution
And use the Gauss-Jordan elimination method to reduce it to the form [I

|

B]:
2 1 1
3 2 1
2 1 2
A
(
(
=
(
(

1 1 0 1 1 0
3 2 1 0 1 0
2 1 2 0 0 1
(
(
(
(

1 2
R R
1
2 3
3 1
3
2
R
R R
R R

+
+
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Example
Find the inverse of the matrix

Solution
And use the Gauss-Jordan elimination method to reduce it to the form [I

|

B]:
2 1 1
3 2 1
2 1 2
A
(
(
=
(
(

1 1 0 1 1 0
0 1 1 3 2 0
0 1 2 2 2 1
(
(

(
(


1
2 3
3 1
3
2
R
R R
R R

+
+
1 2
2
3 2
R R
R
R R
+

Toggle slides back and

Example
Find the inverse of the matrix

Solution
And use the Gauss-Jordan elimination method to reduce it to the form [I

|

B]:
2 1 1
3 2 1
2 1 2
A
(
(
=
(
(

1 0 1 2 1 0
0 1 1 3 2 0
0 0 1 1 0 1
(
(

(
(

1 3
2 3
R R
R R

+
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and changes
Example
Find the inverse of the matrix

Solution
And use the Gauss-Jordan elimination method to reduce it to the form [I

|

B]:
2 1 1
3 2 1
2 1 2
A
(
(
=
(
(

1 0 0 3 1 1
0 1 0 4 2 1
0 0 1 1 0 1
(
(

(
(

1 3
2 3
R R
R R

+
I
n
B

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and changes
Example
Find the inverse of the matrix

Solution
Thus, the inverse of A is the matrix
2 1 1
3 2 1
2 1 2
A
(
(
=
(
(

3 1 1
4 2 1
1 0 1

(
(

(
(

1
A

=
A Formula for the Inverse of a 2 2
Matrix
Let


Suppose D = ad bc is not equal to zero.
Then A
1
exists and is given by
a b
A
c d
(
=
(

1
1
d b
A
c a D

(
=
(

Example
Find the inverse of

Solution
We first identify a, b, c, and d as being 1, 2, 3, and 4 respectively.
We then compute
D = ad bc = (1)(4) (2)(3) = 4 6 =

2
1 2
3 4
A
(
=
(

Example
Find the inverse of

Solution
Next, we substitute the values 1, 2, 3, and 4 instead of a, b, c, and d,
respectively, in the formula matrix



to obtain the matrix
1 2
3 4
A
(
=
(

4 2
3 1

(
(

d b
c a

(
(

Example
Find the inverse of

Solution
Finally, multiplying this matrix by 1/D, we obtain
1 2
3 4
A
(
=
(

1
3 1
2 2
2 1 4 2
1 1
3 1 2
d b
A
c a D

( ( (
= = =
( ( (


Using Inverses to Solve Systems of
Equations
If AX = B is a linear system of n equations in n unknowns and
if A
1
exists, then
X = A
1
B
is the unique solution of the system.
Example
Solve the system of linear equations



Solution
Write the system of equations in the form AX = B where
2 1
3 2 2
2 2 1


x y z
x y z
x y z
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
1
2
1

x
X y B
z
( (
( (
= =
( (
( (

2 1 1
3 2 1
2 1 2
A
(
(
=
(
(

Example
Solve the system of linear equations



Solution
Find the inverse matrix of A:
2 1
3 2 2
2 2 1


x y z
x y z
x y z
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
1
2
1

x
X y B
z
( (
( (
= =
( (
( (

2 1 1
3 2 1
2 1 2
A
(
(
=
(
(

1
3 1 1
4 2 1
1 0 1
A

(
(
=
(
(

Example
Solve the system of linear equations



Solution
Finally, we write the matrix equation X = A
1
B and multiply:
2 1
3 2 2
2 2 1


x y z
x y z
x y z
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
x
y
z
(
(
=
(
(

3 1 1 1
4 2 1 2
1 0 1 1

( (
( (

( (
( (

Example
Solve the system of linear equations



Solution
Finally, we write the matrix equation X = A
1
B and multiply:





Thus, the solution is x = 2, y = 1, and z = 2.
2 1
3 2 2
2 2 1


x y z
x y z
x y z
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
(3)(1) ( 1)(2) ( 1)( 1) 2
( 4)(1) (2)(2) (1)( 1) 1
( 1)(1) (0)(2) (1)( 1) 2




+ +
( (
( (
+ + =
( (
+ + ( (

x
y
z
(
(
=
(
(

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