Unit-4 Control of Digital Circuit

Switching systems
Call-processing functions

 Sequence of Operations
 Signal exchanges
 State transition diagrams
Call-processing functions
1. Sequence of Operations
 A simple telephone call between two customers whose line terminates on the
same exchange is described.
 A sequence of operations take place in which the calling and called customer’s
lines and the connections to them change from one state to another.
Idle State
 Initially the customer’s handset is in the ‘on-hook’ condition.
 The line is idle, waiting for calls to be originated or received (state 0).
 Meanwhile, the exchange is monitoring the state of the line, ready to detect a
calling condition.
Call request signal
 The customer sends a signal to the exchange to request a call.
 For a telephone call this is done by lifting the handset, which causes current to
flow in the line.

Calling line identification

 The exchange detects the calling condition and this identifies the line which
originated it.
 In general, this signal appears on a termination associated with the customer’s
equipment number(EN).
 Equipment-number to directory-number(EN-to-DN) translation must therefore
be performed in order to charge for the call.
Determination of originating class of service
 The originating class of service(COS) corresponds to the range of
services available to the calling customer.
 It must therefore be determined before a connection can be setup.
 Many more different class of service can be provided and these are
alterable electronically, some under the control of the customer(e.g.
optional call barring)

Identification of calling party

 If the originating COS indicates a multi-party line or shared service
line, it is necessary to ensure that the correct party is billed for the call.
Connection to the calling line
 The exchange now makes the connection to the calling line.
Proceed to send signal
 The exchange sends a signal (dial tone) back to the caller to indicate that it is
ready to receive the identity of the line termination to which connection is to
be made.
 The exchange is now waiting for this information (state 1).

Address signal
 The caller now sends a signal to the exchange to instruct it to route the call to
the required destination.
 In a telephone exchange - done by dialling or by sending tone pulses from a
push-button telephone.

Selection of outgoing line termination

 The exchange determines the required outgoing line termination from the
address information that it has received.
 Since the caller dialled the directory number (DN) of the called customer, in
general, this involves DN-to-EN translation.
Determination of terminating class of service
 The exchange needs to determine the terminating COS of the called line, since
this affects the procedure for handling the call.
Testing called line termination
 The called line may be unavailable, either because it is busy or it is out of
service.
 Therefore the exchange tests the state of the line before making connection to
it.
Status signal
 A status signal, sometimes called a call-progress signal, is now sent back to
inform the caller of the progress of the call.
Connection to called line termination
 Having discovered that the called line is obtainable and free, the exchange
makes a connection to it.
Alerting called customer
 The exchange sends a signal to the called line to alert the customer to receive the call.
 In telephone exchange , this is done by sending ringing current to the line.
 At the same time, ringing tone is sent back to the caller as a call-progress signal.
 The exchange is now waiting for an answer (state 2).

Answer signal
 When the called customer answers by lifting the handset the line is looped and current flows.

Completion of the connection

 Receipt of the answer signal from the called customer causes the exchange to complete the connection
between the line termination of the calling and called customers.
Conversational state
 The connection has now been completed between the lines of the two customers and they can converse
for as long as they wish (state 3).
 The exchange supervises the connection to detect the end of the call and to charge for it.
Clear Signals
 When each customer replaces the handset, line current ceases and so provides
a ‘clear’ signal to the exchange.
Release of connection
 The exchange then clears down the connection between the calling and called
line terminations.
 Thus the idle state (state 0) is resumed.
 4 ways of controlling release of connections
• Release when the calling party clears
• Release when the called party clears
 Normally the connection is released when the calling party clears down.
In case of abnormal situations, difficulties arise when one party clears but the
other does not.
Release of connection
 Called subscriber held condition(CSH)
• If the called customer replaces the handset but the caller does not, then the called
line is still held and the called customer is unable to originate or receive further
calls.

 Permanent glow condition(PG)

• If the caller replaces the handset but the called customer does not, then the
connection is released, but the loop still present on the line looks to the exchange
like a calling condition.
• A new connection will be made to it, but there will be no response to dial tone—
called permanent loop condition.
• Results in lamp remaining alight on a strowger selector

 Parked condition
• When a line is forcibly released , it is therefore necessary to place the line
termination in a state which the exchange can recognize as not being a calling
condition, but which the customer can remove by eventually replacing the handset.
In a SPC system, there are four states
Line state Relay States
L K
Line idle 0 0
Line calling (but not yet connected) 1 0
Line connected 0 1

Fourth state(1 1) -indicates line is parked.

Signal Exchanges

Forward signals
 Signals sent in the direction away from the caller ( and towards the called
line).
 Pass from the caller to the exchange and from the exchange to the called
customer.

Backward signals
 Signals sent towards the caller ( and away from the called line)
 Pass from the called customer to the exchange and from the exchange to the
caller.
Timing of signals exchanged for a local call
Following are the Handshake signals…………..

 The call request signal is answered by the proceed-to-send signal.

 The address signal is answered by a call-status signal.
 The answer signal is a response to the alerting signal.
 The caller responds to the answer signal by commencing the
conversation.
 The backward clear signal is a response to the forward clear signal (or
vice versa)
Signal Exchange diagram for a Local call
State Transition diagrams
■ A call progresses from one state to another in response to events.
■ An Event Arrival of a signal
■ Results in the performance of an action Task
■ Present state + new event = Task (Performing this result in the next
state)
STD(State Transition Diagram) clearly describes the sequence of
operations.
SDL(Specification and Description Language) An international
standard produced by CCITT (Consultative Committee for
International Telegraph and Telephony)
Basic symbols used
■ State Boxes-> These are labelled with a number and a title. Additional
information may also be included in the box if required.

■ Event Boxes-> These have an indented arrow, indicating whether the event
corresponds to the receipt of a forward or backward signal.

■ Action Boxes-> These are rectangular boxes, except when the action is the
sending of a signal. The box then has a protruding arrow, indicating whether the
signal is sent forward or backward.

■ Decision Boxes-> The basic symbol is the diamond-shaped box used in

computing flow charts. However, if more than two decisions are possible, the
modified symbol shown in Fig is used.
 Connector (from
other diagram) State 0

State
State no
description
0 Idle
State box

Event name
Event box Seize

Operate
Normal action
Switch

Action boxes
Accept
Send signal

No
Decision box Test

Yes
Connectors (to
State 1 State 2
other diagrams)

Symbols used in state transition diagrams- Basic Symbols

Symbols used in state transition diagrams- Multiple decision box

Line state ?

busy free invalid

State Transition diagrams
■ Can be drawn for a complete system, for a subsystem or for
functional units within it.
■ The amount of detail shown by the STD may be expected to
increase at the lower levels of system implementation.
■ Can specify precisely and unambiguously the functions to be
performed by a system and its subsystems.
■ Important tool and is useful at every stage in the lifecycle of a
switching system
Life cycle of a switching system
■ Initial specification
■ Design (of both hardware and software)
■ Laboratory testing
■ Manufacturing testing
■ Installation and commissioning
■ Acceptance of service
■ Operation and maintenance
■ Training of staff
Common control
■ Performs a specific call-processing function
■ Thus , the control of the switching system employs functional
division.
■ A common control is brought into a connection only when
required and released when it has performed its task.
■ Switching networks are lost-call systems. However when
common controls are busy, calls offered to them are not
normally lost; they are delayed.
■ Common control unit has been designed using relays, electronic
digital circuits and stored-program control(SPC)
Common control
■ A single SPC control can perform all the call processing needed
for an exchange, leading to centralized control.
■ The principal methods involved in the interconnection of
common controls and the trunks of switching networks in order
to exchange signals are
◆ Auxiliary switching networks
◆ Tree networks
◆ Use of the main switching network
◆ Buses
◆ Scanning
Auxiliary switching networks
■ A separate small network using switches similar to those in the main switching
network can be used to connect common controls to trunks as required.

■ Since a number of trunks may request the use of a common control at the same
time, contention can arise.

■ A circuit in a common control used to resolve this contention is called a one-only

selector, an allotter, or an arbiter.
■ If a function is provided by several common controls, then further a one-only
selector is needed to select a particular free control to respond to an incoming
request.
Its operation is as follows…………

◆ If the arbiter is free, then an incoming seize signal is accepted by it for the
common control.

◆ If it is busy, incoming seize signals are rejected.

◆ If it is free, but two or more seize signals are received simultaneously, only
one is accepted and the others are rejected.

◆ The other alternative is , incoming requests are queued.

◆ Seize signals are stored and , when the common control gives a clear
signal, a previously received seize signal is accepted.
Tree Networks
■ If there is a single common control, or a small number, it may be
more economic to provide each with a selecting tree than to use
a more complex switching network.
■ A tree consisting of n relays or electronic elements can connect
a common control to 2n trunks.
Use of Main switching network
■ Instead of using an auxiliary switching network, the main
switching network may be employed for connecting common
controls using the crank-back principle.

■ This principle is extensively used in the TXE4 system, where it

is called serial trunking.
Serial trunking in the TXE4 system- Local call
Serial trunking in the TXE4 system- Local call
■ The connections used in making an own-exchange call are
shown in Fig.
■ When a customer calls, an initial connection (path1) is made to
a register via a through link (i.e. a link which does not contain a
transmission bridge.)
■ When the register has received the address information, a
connection is then made between the calling and called
lines(path2).
■ This uses a link that contains a transmission bridge and
provides supervisory facilities.
■ When the second connection has been tested for continuity, the
first connection is released.
Serial trunking in the TXE4 system-Outgoing junction call
Serial trunking in the TXE4 system-Outgoing junction call

■ The connections made for a outgoing junction call are shown in fig.
■ An initial connection is made from a calling line to a register , via a
through link , as before.
■ When the address information has been obtained, a connection (path2)
is made from the sender side of the register to an outgoing junction via
another through link.
■ The register then sends out the required routing digits over the junction.
■ A final connection(path3) is then made between the calling line and the
junction.
■ This uses a split link, which does not complete the connection until the
register has finished sending the routing digits.
Use of the Main switching network
■ Another example of the use of the main switching network is the Alcatel system 12 shown
in Fig
Use of the Main switching network
■ Control of the exchange is distributed among a number of
processors, each performing a specific function.

■ These communicate with each other and with customers

connections by means of temporary connections made through
the main switching network as required.
Buses
■ When it is necessary to exchange signals between a number of functional units,
but the signal exchanges need only take place one at a time, the units can be
connected by a common bus.
■ If information is transmitted in serial mode, the bus can be a single wire.
■ If parallel transmission is used, a wire is needed for each digit (e.g. eight wires
to transmit 8-bit bytes)
■ An example is the use of a bus to connect a processor unit, or units , with stores
and input and output ports as shown in fig.
Functional units interconnected by a bus

■ CPU = Central processor unit.

■ I/O = Input/output ports
■ MMI = Man-machine interface
Scanning
■ In scanning, electronic gates, forming the equivalent of a rotating
switch, connect a common control to each trunk in turn.
■ Since at any time, only one trunk can communicate with the common
control, there can be no contention.
■ However scanning presents the following requirements, which may
conflict:
◆ In every cycle the scanner must connect the common control to each trunk
for a sufficiently long period to exchange the required signals.
◆ The period of a complete scanning cycle must be sufficiently short for the
common control to detect every change that occurs in the states of the
trunks being scanned.