BFM/BHM 2013 PROGRAMMING FOR ENGINEERS

Week 4

Pointers and Array

Relationship between pointers and array Pointer arithmetic Initialize pointer Compare pointers Pointers as function arguments Pointers to constant & constant pointer

Faculty of Manufacturing
Universiti Malaysia Pahang Kampus Pekan, Pahang Darul Makmur Tel: +609-424 5800 Fax: +609-4245888

PFE / SEM2 2013/2014

9.3 Relationship Between Arrays and Pointers

Array name can be used as a pointer constant
int vals[] = {4, 7, 11}; cout << *vals; // displays 4

Pointer can be used as an array name

int *valptr = vals; cout << valptr[1]; // displays 7

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Program 9-5
// This program shows an array name being dereferenced // with the * operator.

#include <iostream.h>
void main(void) { short numbers[] = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50}; cout << "The first element of the array is "; cout << *numbers << endl; }

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Program Output
The first element in the array is 10

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Pointers in Expressions
Given:
int vals[]={4,7,11}; int *valptr = vals;

What is valptr + 1?
It means (address in valptr) + (1 * size of an int) cout << *(valptr+1); // displays 7 cout << *(valptr+2); // displays 11

Must use ( ) in expression

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Array Access
Array elements can be accessed in many ways
Array access method
array name and [ ]

Example vals[2] = 17;

pointer to array and [ ] valptr[2] = 17; array name and subscript arithmetic pointer to array and subscript arithmetic
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*(vals+2) = 17; *(valptr+2) = 17;

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Array Access
Array notation
vals[i] is equivalent to the pointer notation *(vals + i) No bounds checking performed on array access
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Figure 9-3

numbers[0]

numbers[1]

numbers[2]

numbers[3]

numbers[4]

numbers

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Figure 9-4

numbers[0]

numbers[1]

numbers[2]

numbers[3]

numbers[4]

numbers

(numbers+1)

(numbers+2)

(numbers+3)

(numbers+4)

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Program 9-6
// This program processes the contents of an array. Pointer // notation is used. #include <iostream.h>

void main(void) { int numbers[5];

cout << "Enter five numbers: "; for (int count = 0; count < 5; count++) cin >> *(numbers + count); cout << "Here are the numbers you entered:\n"; for (int count = 0; count < 5; count++) cout << *(numbers + count)<< " "; cout << endl;

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Program Output with Example Input

Enter five numbers: 5 10 15 20 25 [Enter] Here are the numbers you entered: 5 10 15 20 25

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Program 9-7
// This program uses subscript notation with a pointer and // pointer notation with an array name. #include <iostream.h> void main(void) { float coins[5] = {0.05, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0}; float *floatPtr; // Pointer to a float int count; // array index floatPtr = coins; // floatPtr now points to coins array cout.precision(2); cout << "Here are the values in the coins array:\n";

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Program continues
for (count = 0; count < 5; count++) cout << floatPtr[count] << " "; cout << "\nAnd here they are again:\n"; for (count = 0; count < 5; count++) cout << *(coins + count) << " "; cout << endl;

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Program Output
Here are the values in the coins array: 0.05 0.1 0.25 0.5 1 And here they are again: 0.05 0.1 0.25 0.5 1

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Program 9-8
// This program uses the address of each element in the array. #include <iostream.h> #include <iomanip.h> void main(void) { float coins[5] = {0.05, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0}; float *floatPtr; // Pointer to a float int count; // array index cout.precision(2); cout << "Here are the values in the coins array:\n";

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Program continues
for (count = 0; count < 5; count++) { floatPtr = &coins[count]; cout << *floatPtr << " "; } cout << endl;

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Program Output
Here are the values in the coins array: 0.05 0.1 0.25 0.5 1

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9.4 Pointer Arithmetic

Some mathematical operations may be performed on pointers.
The ++ and operators may be used to increment or decrement a pointer variable. An integer may be added to or subtracted from a pointer variable. This may be performed with the +, - +=, or -= operators. A pointer may be subtracted from another pointer.

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Pointer Arithmetic
Assume the variable definitions int vals[]={4,7,11}; int *valptr = vals; Examples of use of ++ and -valptr++; // points at 7 valptr--; // now points at 4

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More on Pointer Arithmetic

Assume the variable definitions: int vals[]={4,7,11}; int *valptr = vals; Example of the use of + to add an int to a pointer: cout << *(valptr + 2) This statement will print 11

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PFE / SEM2 2013/2014

More on Pointer Arithmetic

Assume the variable definitions: int vals[]={4,7,11}; int *valptr = vals; Example of use of +=: valptr = vals; // points at 4 valptr += 2; // points at 11

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More on Pointer Arithmetic

Assume the variable definitions int vals[] = {4,7,11}; int *valptr = vals; Example of pointer subtraction valptr += 2; cout << valptr - val; This statement prints 2: the number of ints between valptr and val
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Program 9-9
// This program uses a pointer to display the contents // of an integer array. #include <iostream.h> void main(void) { int set[8] = {5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40}; int *nums, index; nums = set; cout << "The numbers in set are:\n"; for (index = 0; index < 8; index++) { cout << *nums << " "; nums++; }

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Program continues

cout << "\nThe numbers in set backwards are:\n"; for (index = 0; index < 8; index++) { nums--; cout << *nums << " "; }
}

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Program Output
The numbers in set are: 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 The numbers in set backwards are: 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5

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10.5 Initializing Pointers

Can initialize to NULL or 0 (zero) int *ptr = NULL; Can initialize to addresses of other variables int num, *numPtr = &num; int val[ISIZE], *valptr = val; Initial value must have correct type float cost; int *ptr = &cost; // won't work
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9.6 Comparing Pointers

If one address comes before another address in memory, the first address is considered less than the second. C++s relational operators maybe used to compare pointer values.

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10.6 Comparing Pointers

Relational operators can be used to compare addresses in pointers Comparing addresses in pointers is not the same as comparing contents pointed at by pointers:
if (ptr1 == ptr2) // // if (*ptr1 == *ptr2) // // compares addresses compares contents

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PFE / SEM2 2013/2014

Figure 9-5
An array of five integers array[0] array[1] array[2] array[3] array[4]

0x5A00
(Addresses)

0x5A04

0x5A08

0x5A0C

0x5A0F

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Program 9-10
// This program uses a pointer to display the contents // of an integer array. #include <iostream.h>

void main(void) { int set[8] = {5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40}; int *nums = set; // Make nums point to set
cout << "The numbers in set are:\n"; cout << *nums << " "; // Display first element while (nums < &set[7]) { nums++; cout << *nums << " "; }

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Program continues
cout << "\nThe numbers in set backwards are:\n"; cout << *nums << " "; // Display last element while (nums > set) { nums--; cout << *nums << " "; }

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Program Output
The numbers in set are: 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 The numbers in set backwards are: 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5

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9.7 Pointers as Function Parameters

A pointer can be used as a function parameter. It gives the function access to the original argument, much like a reference parameter does.

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10.7 Pointers as Function Parameters

A pointer can be a parameter Works like a reference parameter to allow change to argument from within function A pointer parameter must be explicitly dereferenced to access the contents at that address
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Pointers as Function Parameters

Requires: 1) asterisk * on parameter in prototype and
heading

void getNum(int *ptr); 2) asterisk * in body to dereference the pointer cin >> *ptr; 3) address as argument to the function getNum(&num);
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Pointers as Function Parameters

void swap(int *x, int *y) { int temp; temp = *x; *x = *y; *y = temp; } int num1 = 2, num2 = -3; swap(&num1, &num2);
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Program 9-11
// This program uses two functions that accept addresses of // variables as arguments. #include <iostream.h>

// Function prototypes void getNumber(int *); void doubleValue(int *);

void main(void) { int number; getNumber(&number) // Pass address of number to getNumber doubleValue(&number); // and doubleValue. cout << "That value doubled is " << number << endl; }

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Program continues
// Definition of getNumber. The parameter, Input, is a pointer. // This function asks the user for a number. The value entered // is stored in the variable pointed to by Input.

void getNumber(int *input) { cout << "Enter an integer number: "; cin >> *input; }
// Definition of doubleValue. The parameter, val, is a pointer. // This function multiplies the variable pointed to by val by // two. void doubleValue(int *val) { *val *= 2; }

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Program Output with Example Input

Enter an integer number: 10 [Enter] That value doubled is 20

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Program 9-12
// This program demonstrates that a pointer may be used as a // parameter to accept the address of an array. Either subscript // or pointer notation may be used. #include <iostream.h> #include <iomanip.h> // Function prototypes void getSales(float *); float totalSales(float *); void main(void) { float sales[4]; getSales(sales); cout.precision(2);

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Program continues
cout.setf(ios::fixed | ios::showpoint); cout << "The total sales for the year are $"; cout << totalSales(sales) << endl; }

// // // // //

Definition of getSales. This function uses a pointer to accept the address of an array of four floats. The function asks the user to enter the sales figures for four quarters, and stores those figures in the array. (The function uses subscript notation.)

void getSales(float *array) { for (int count = 0; count < 4; count++) { cout << "Enter the sales figure for quarter "; cout << (count + 1) << ": "; cin >> array[count]; } }

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Program continues
// // // // Definition of totalSales. This function uses a pointer to accept the address of an array of four floats. The function gets the total of the elements in the array and returns that value. (Pointer notation is used in this function.)

float totalSales(float *array) { float sum = 0.0; for (int count = 0; count < 4; count++) { sum += *array; array++; } return sum; }

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Program Output with Example Input

Enter the sales figure for quarter 1: 10263.98 [Enter] Enter the sales figure for quarter 2: 12369.69 [Enter] Enter the sales figure for quarter 3: 11542.13 [Enter] Enter the sales figure for quarter 4: 14792.06 [Enter] The total sales for the year are $48967.86

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10.8 Ponters to Constants and Constant Pointers

Pointer to a constant: cannot change the value that is pointed at Constant pointer: address in pointer cannot change once pointer is initialized

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Ponters to Constant
Must use const keyword in pointer definition:
const double taxRates[] = {0.65, 0.8, 0.75}; const double *ratePtr;

Use const keyword for pointers in function headers to protect data from modification from within function
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Pointer to Constant What does the Definition Mean?

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Constant Pointers
Defined with const keyword adjacent to variable name:
int classSize = 24; int * const classPtr = &classSize;

Must be initialized when defined Can be used without initialization as a function parameter
Initialized by argument when function is called Function can receive different arguments on different calls

While the address in the pointer cannot change, the data at that address may be changed
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Constant Pointer What does the Definition Mean?

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