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Filters 120427025230 Phpapp01

The document discusses different types of filters including low pass, high pass, band pass, and band reject filters. It provides details on the frequency response characteristics of each filter type. Active filters have advantages over passive filters like reduced size and weight, but have limitations such as needing a power supply. Common filter configurations including first and second order filters are described. State variable filters can act as universal filters providing multiple filter responses.

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93 views18 pages

Filters 120427025230 Phpapp01

The document discusses different types of filters including low pass, high pass, band pass, and band reject filters. It provides details on the frequency response characteristics of each filter type. Active filters have advantages over passive filters like reduced size and weight, but have limitations such as needing a power supply. Common filter configurations including first and second order filters are described. State variable filters can act as universal filters providing multiple filter responses.

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ramanaidu1
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© © All Rights Reserved
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FILTERS

GENERAL
A Filter is an electrical circuit that is designed to pass a specified band of frequencies while attenuating all the signals outside that band. It is a frequency selective circuit. The filters are basically classified as active filters & passive filters. They are used in circuits which require the separation of signals according to their frequencies. They are widely use in communication & signal processing.

ADVANTAGES OF ACTIVE FILTERS OVER PASSIVE FILTERS


All the elements alongwith op-amp can be used in the integrated form. Hence there is reduction in size & weight. The op-amp gain can be easily controlled in the closed loop fashion hence active filter I/P signals is not attenuated. The op-amp has high I/P impedance & low O/P impedance, hence the active filters using op-amp do not cause loading of the source or load.

LIMITATIONS OF ACTIVE FILTERS


The finite bandwidth of the active devices places a limit on the highest frequency of operation. A reasonably good filter performance can be achieved approximately upto 500 kHz,as against this passive filters can be used upto 500 MHz. The active elements are more sensitive to the temperature & environmental changes than the passive elements. The requirement of d.c power supply is another disadvantage of the active filters.

COMMONLY USED FILTERS


The most commonly used filters are :Low Pass Filter High Pass Filter Band Pass Filter Band Reject Filter All Pass Filter & Universal Filters.

FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF LOW PASS FILTER


IDEAL & PRACTICAL RESPONSE

A Low Pass Filter has a constant gain from 0 Hz to a high cut-off frequency, Fh. Practically, the gain decreases as the frequency increases & at f=Fh, the gain is down by 3 db & after Fh, it decreases at a higher rate. After the end of a transition band, the gain becomes zero.

FRQUENCY RESPONSE OF HIGH PASS FILTER


For a High pass Filter, Fl is the low cut-off frequency. The range of frequency 0<f<Fl is the stop band, while f>Fl is the pass band. The transition band is not shown in the characteristics as it is very small.

FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF BAND PASS FILTER


The band pass filter has two stop bands. The range of frequency 0<f<Fl & range of frequency Fh<f<infinity are two stop bands while the range Fl<f<Fh is the pass band. The bandwidth is thus FhFl.

FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF BAND STOP FILTER


The band elimination filter is also called band rejection filter or band stop filter. Its characteristics is exactly opposite to that of band pass filter. There are two pass bands while one stop band. The two ranges are 0<f<Fl & Fh<f<infinity.

FIRST ORDER LOW PASS FILTER


A first order filter consists of a single RC n/w connected to the i/p terminal of a non-inverting opamp. Resistors Ri & Rf determine the gain of the filter in the pass band.

The voltage across the capacitor in the s-domain is:-

Let wh= 1/RC

The closed loop gain of the op-amp is:-

To determine the frequency response, put s=jw in above eq.

At very low frequency, i.e. f<<fh

And At very High frequency i.e. f>>fh, we have

It has the max. gain at f=0 Hz. At fh the gain falls to .707 time the max. gain. Hence gain rolls off at the rate of 20 dB/decade.

SECOND ORDER HIGH PASS FILTER


High pass filter is the complement of the low pass filter & can be obtained simply by interchanging R & C in the low pass configuration as shown in the fig.
This is the transfer function:

BAND PASS FILTER


There are two types of band pass filters which are classified as per Quality factor: 1. Narrow band pass filter (Q>10) 2. Wide band pass filter (Q<10)

BW = f2 f1 Q = f0 / BW
Av Stage 1 response
+

R1 C1
Stage 2 response

C2 R2 R2 Ri
+

R1

Rfb

BW

Vin
_

VO
_

f1

fo

f f2

BAND REJECT FILETR


This can also be either as a Narrow or wide band reject filter. The narrow band reject filter is commonly called a notch filter & is useful for the rejection of a single frequency, such as 50 Hz power line frequency hum.
Av(dB)
low-pass high-pass

C1 R1 R1 Rfb R2
+

-3dB

Ri
+

Vin

C2

VO
_

f f1 f2

ALL PASS FILTER


An all-pass filter passes all frequency components of the i/p signal without any attenuation & provides desired phase shifts at different frequencies of the I/P signal. When signals are transmitted over transmission lines, such as telephone wires, they undergo change in phase. These phase changes can be compensated by all-pass filters. Thus, they are also called as delay equalizers or phase correctors

STATE VARIABLE FILTER


The state variable configuration uses two op-amp integrators & one op-amp adder to provide simultaneous second order low-pass, band-pass & high-pass filter responses. As it is possible to obtain LP,BP,HP & notch filter O/Ps from a state variable filter & therefore these are also known as

UNIVERSAL FILTERS

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