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Distributed Database Management Systems

This document discusses distributed database management systems (DDBMS). It describes the evolution of DDBMS from centralized systems in the 1970s to distributed systems enabled by the internet in the 1990s. The key advantages and disadvantages of DDBMS are listed. Various DDBMS components, architectures, and design considerations are defined including levels of data and process distribution, distribution transparency, concurrency control, and query optimization.

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Swati Sharma
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56 views33 pages

Distributed Database Management Systems

This document discusses distributed database management systems (DDBMS). It describes the evolution of DDBMS from centralized systems in the 1970s to distributed systems enabled by the internet in the 1990s. The key advantages and disadvantages of DDBMS are listed. Various DDBMS components, architectures, and design considerations are defined including levels of data and process distribution, distribution transparency, concurrency control, and query optimization.

Uploaded by

Swati Sharma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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10

Lecture 10

Distributed Database Management Systems

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Evolution of DDBMS
Decentralized database management systems (DDBMS)
Interconnected computer systems Data/processing functions reside on multiple sites

1970s: Centralized DBMS 1980s: Social and Technical Changes


Ad hoc capability required Decentralized management structure common

1990s: New forces


Internet and the World Wide Web used for data access and distribution Data analysis through data mining and data warehousing
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DDBMS Advantages
Data located near site with greatest demand Faster data access Faster data processing Growth facilitation Improved communications Reduced operating costs User-friendly interface Less danger of single-point failure Processor independence
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DDBMS Disadvantages
Complexity of management and control Security Lack of standards Increased storage requirements Greater difficulty in managing data environment Increased training costs

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Distributed Processing
Shares databases logical processing among physically, networked independent sites

Figure 10.1
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Distributed Database
Stores logically related database over physically independent sites

Figure 10.2
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Distributed Database vs. Distributed Processing


Distributed processing
Does not require distributed database May be based on a single database on single computer Copies or parts of database processing functions must be distributed to all data storage sites

Distributed database
Requires distributed processing

Both
Require a network to connect components
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Functions of DDBMS
Application/end user interface Validation to analyze data requests Transformation to determine request components Query optimization to find the best access strategy Mapping to determine the data location I/O interface to read or write data Formatting to prepare the data for presentation Security to provide data privacy Backup and recovery DB Administration Concurrency Control Transaction Management
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Centralized Database

Figure 10.3
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Fully Distributed Database Management System

Figure 10.4

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DDBMS Components
Computer workstations Network hardware and software components Communications media Transaction processor (TP)
Also called application manager (AP) or transaction manager (TM)

Data processor (DP)


Also called data manager (DM)

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10

Distributed Database Components

Figure 10.5
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DDBMS Protocols
Interface with network to transport data and commands between DPs and TPs Synchronize data received from DPs and route to appropriate TPs Ensure common database functions
Security Concurrency control Backup and recovery

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Levels of Data and Process Distribution


Database systems can be classified based on process distribution and data distribution

Table 10.1

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Single-Site Processing, Single-Site Data (SPSD)


All processing on single CPU or host computer All data are stored on host computer disk DBMS located on the host computer DBMS accessed by dumb terminals Typical of mainframe and minicomputer DBMSs Typical of 1st generation of single-user microcomputer database

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Single-Site Processing, Single-Site Data (cont.)

Figure 10.6

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Multiple-Site Processing, Single-Site Data (MPSD)


Requires network file server Applications accessed through LAN Variation known as client/server architecture

Figure 10.7
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Multiple-Site Processing, Multiple-Site Data (MPMD)


Fully distributed DDBMS with support for multiple DPs and TPs at multiple sites
Homogeneous I
Integrate one type of centralized DBMS over the network

Heterogeneous
Integrate different types of centralized DBMSs over a network

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10

Heterogeneous Distributed Database Scenario

Figure 10.8

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Distributed DB Transparency
Allows end users to feel like only database user Hides complexities of distributed database Transparency features
Distribution Transaction Failure Performance

Heterogeneity

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Distribution Transparency
Allows management of a physically dispersed database as though it were centralized Three Levels
Fragmentation transparency Location transparency Local mapping transparency
Table 10.2

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Transaction Transparency
Ensures transactions maintain integrity and consistency Completed only if all involved database sites complete their part of the transaction Management mechanisms
Remote request Remote transaction Distributed transaction Distributed request

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Remote Request

Figure 10.10

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Remote Transaction

Figure 10.11

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Distributed Transaction
Figure 10.12

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Distributed Requests

Figure 10.13
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Distributed Requests (cont.)

Figure 10.14
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Distributed Concurrency Control


Multisite, multiple-process operations more likely to create data inconsistencies and deadlocked transactions Problems
Transaction committed by local DP One DP could not commit transactions result Yields inconsistent database

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Two-Phase Commit Protocol


DO-UNDO-REDO protocol
Write-ahead protocol Two kinds of nodes
Coordinator Subordinates

Phases
Preparation
Coordinator sends message to all subordinates Confirms all are ready to commit or abort

Final Commit
Ensures all subordinates have committed or aborted
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10

Performance Transparency and Query Optimization


Objective: Minimize total cost associated with execution of request Main costs
Access time Communication CPU time

Basis for query optimization algorithms


Optimum execution order Sites accessed to minimize communication costs

Dynamic or static optimization Statistically based vs. rule-based query optimization algorithms
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10

Distributed Database Design


Partition database into fragments
Horizontal Vertical Mixed

Fragments to replicate
Storage of data copies at multiple sites Fully, partially, unreplicated databases

Data allocation
Where to locate data Centralized, partitioned, replicated
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Client/Server Advantages Over DDBMS


Client/server less expensive Client/server solutions allow use of microcomputers GUI More people with PC skills than mainframe skills PC is well established in workplace Numerous data analysis and query tools exist Considerable cost advantages to off-loading application development
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Client/Server Disadvantages
Creates more complex environment with different platforms Increased number of users and sites creates security problems Training issues become more complex and expensive

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