Creating Groups of Data

Entry Level Technology Program

EMPLOYEES
4400 9500 The 3500 average salary in 6400 EMPLOYEES table for each 10033 department.

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Entry Level Technology Program

Creating Groups of Data: The GROUP BY Clause Syntax

SELECT FROM [WHERE [GROUP BY [ORDER BY

column, group_function(column) table condition] group_by_expression] column];

Divide rows in a table into smaller groups by using the GROUP BY clause.

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Using the GROUP BY Clause

All columns in the SELECT list that are not in group functions must be in the GROUP BY clause.

SELECT
FROM

DEPTNO, AVG(SAL)
EMP

GROUP BY DEPTNO ;

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Using the GROUP BY Clause

The GROUP BY column does not have to be in the SELECT list.

GROUP BY DEPTNO ;

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Entry Level Technology Program

Grouping by More Than One Column

EMPLOYEES

Add up the salaries in the EMPLOYEES table for each job, grouped by department.

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Entry Level Technology Program

Using the GROUP BY Clause on Multiple Columns

SELECT FROM

DEPTNO, JOB, SUM(SAL) EMP

GROUP BY DEPTNO, JOB ;

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Entry Level Technology Program

Illegal Queries Using Group Functions

Any column or expression in the SELECT list that is not an aggregate function must be in the GROUP BY clause.
SELECT DEPTNO, COUNT(ENAME) FROM EMP;

SELECT DEPTNO, COUNT(ENAME) * ERROR at line 1: ORA-00937: not a single-group group function

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Entry Level Technology Program

Illegal Queries Using Group Functions

SELECT FROM WHERE GROUP BY WHERE

AVG(SAL) > 8000 * ERROR at line 3: ORA-00934: group function is not allowed here

You cannot use the WHERE clause to restrict groups. You AVG(SAL) use the HAVING clause to DEPTNO, EMP restrict groups. AVG(SAL) > 8000 You cannot use group functions in DEPTNO; the WHERE clause.

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Excluding Group Results

EMPLOYEES

The when it is greater than maximum salary per department $10,000

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Entry Level Technology Program

Excluding Group Results: The HAVING Clause

Use the HAVING clause to restrict groups: 1. Rows are grouped. 2. The group function is applied. 3. Groups matching the HAVING clause are displayed.
SELECT FROM [WHERE [GROUP BY [HAVING [ORDER BY column, group_function table condition] group_by_expression] group_condition] column];

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Using the HAVING Clause

SELECT

DEPTNO, MAX(SAL)

FROM

EMP

GROUP BY DEPTNO HAVING MAX(SAL)>10000 ;

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Using the HAVING Clause

SELECT FROM WHERE

JOB, SUM(SAL) PAYROLL EMP JOB NOT LIKE '%GE%'

GROUP BY JOB HAVING SUM(SAL) > 13000

ORDER BY SUM(SAL);

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Nesting Group Functions

Display the maximum average salary.

GROUP BY DEPTNO;

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Summary
Entry Level Technology Program

In this lesson, you should have learned how to: Use the group functions COUNT, MAX, MIN, AVG Write queries that use the GROUP BY clause Write queries that use the HAVING clause
SELECT FROM [WHERE [GROUP BY [HAVING [ORDER BY column, group_function(column) table condition] group_by_expression] group_condition] column];

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Queries
Entry Level Technology Program 1) In Each year how many employees were join 2) Display similar salaries 3) Display department wise, designation wise how many employees are there. ( Display the department number only one time) 4) Display the output in the following format ( Designation wise, department wise total salaries, grand totals) DEPT10 4000 5000 3500 DEPT20 6000 3000 5000 10000 3000 DEPT30 6000 10000 7000 TOTAL 6000 13000 20000 10000 13500

JOB ANALYST CLERK MANAGER PRESIDENT SALESMAN

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Entry Level Technology Program

Subqueries

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Entry Level Technology Program

Using a Subquery to Solve a Problem

Main Query:

Which employees have salaries greater than Abels salary?

What is Abels salary?

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Subquery Syntax
Entry Level Technology Program

SELECT FROM WHERE

select_list table expr operator (SELECT FROM

select_list table);

The subquery (inner query) executes once before the main query. The result of the subquery is used by the main query (outer query).

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Using a Subquery
Entry Level Technology Program

SELECT ENAME FROM EMP

WHERE

SAL >
(SELECT SAL FROM EMP

WHERE

ENAME = JONES');

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Guidelines for Using Subqueries

Enclose subqueries in parentheses. Place subqueries on the right side of the comparison condition. The ORDER BY clause in the subquery is not needed unless you are performing Top-N analysis. Use single-row operators with single-row subqueries and use multiple-row operators with multiple-row subqueries.

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Types of Subqueries
Entry Level Technology Program

Single-row subquery
Main query returns Subquery

ST_CLERK

Multiple-row subquery
Main query returns Subquery

ST_CLERK SA_MAN

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Single-Row Subqueries
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Return only one row Use single-row comparison operators

>=
< <=

Greater than or equal to

<>
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Not equal to
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Entry Level Technology Program

Executing Single-Row Subqueries

SELECT ENAME, JOB, SAL FROM WHERE

AND

SAL >

1100

(SELECT SAL FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO = 7876);

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Entry Level Technology Program

Using Group Functions in a Subquery

SELECT ENAME, JOB, SAL FROM EMP

WHERE SAL = (SELECT MIN(SAL) FROM EMP);

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Entry Level Technology Program

The HAVING Clause with Subqueries

The Oracle server executes subqueries first. The Oracle server returns results into the HAVING clause of the main query.
SELECT FROM DEPTNO, MIN(SAL EMP

GROUP BY DEPTNO
1300

HAVING

MIN(SAL) >
(SELECT MIN(SAL) FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO = 30);

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Entry Level Technology Program

What is Wrong with this Statement?

SELECT EMPNO, ENAME FROM EMP WHERE SAL = (SELECT MIN(SAL) FROM EMP GROUP BY DEPTNO); ERROR at line 4: ORA-01427: single-row subquery returns more than one row

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Entry Level Technology Program

Will this Statement Return Rows?

SELECT ENAME, JOB FROM EMP WHERE JOB = (SELECT JOB FROM EMP WHERE ENAME = BOND');

no rows selected

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Multiple-Row Subqueries
Entry Level Technology Program

Operator

Return more than one row Use multiple-row comparison Meaning operators
Equal to any member in the list

IN

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Null Values in a Subquery

SELECT e.ENAME FROM EMP e

WHERE

e.EMPNO NOT IN
(SELECT m.MGR FROM EMP M);

no rows selected

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Summary
Entry Level Technology Program

In this lesson, you should have learned how to: Identify when a subquery can help solve a question Write subqueries when a query is based on unknown values
SELECT FROM WHERE FROM select_list table expr operator (SELECT select_list table);

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Exercise
Entry Level Technology Program

Display the employees from other departments whose designation match with the designation of an employee working for department 20 and drawing least salary.

Query-II from exe-I document

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