Wave Equation Applications

2009 PDCA Professor Pile Institute

Patrick Hannigan GRL Engineers, Inc.

Analysis Types
Bearing Graph - Proportional Resistance (most common) - Constant Shaft (i.e. pile driven to rock) - Constant Toe (i.e. friction pile) Analysis Results: Capacity, stress, stroke (OED) vs. Blow count Analysis Application: Hammer approvals, capacity assessments, hammer sizing.

Analysis Types
Inspectors Chart
For a constant capacity (e.g. the required ultimate capacity), plots stroke vs blow count
Variable energy hammers only
Single acting diesel (open end) Double acting diesel (closed end) Single and Double Acting Hydraulic hammers

Primarily used for field control

For an observed hammer stroke, what is minimum blow count?

Analysis Types
Driveability
User inputs detailed soil profile including expected soil strength losses, splice depths, wait times, etc. GRLWEAP calculates soil resistance and associated numerical results at user specified analysis depths. Analysis Result: blow count, stresses, and transferred energy versus depth Analysis Interpretation: predicted blow counts and stresses allow determination of driveability through problematic dense layers Application: frequently used in the offshore oil industry

Summary of Wave Equation Applications

Develop Driving Criterion Blow Count for a Required Ultimate Capacity Blow Count for Capacity as a Function of Energy / Stroke Check Driveability Blow Count vs. Penetration Depth Driving Stresses vs Penetration Depth Determine Optimal Driving Equipment Driving Time Refined Matching Analysis Adjust Input Parameters to Fit Dynamic Measurements

WHAT INFORMATION DO WE NEED FOR GRLWEAP ANALYSIS ?

REQUIRED INFORMATION
Hammer
Model Stroke and Stroke Control Any Modifications

Driving System
Helmet Weight (including Striker Plate & Cushions)

Hammer Cushion Material (E, A, t, er)

Pile Cushion Material (E, A, t, er)

REQUIRED INFORMATION
Pile
Length,
Cross Sectional Area Taper or Other Non-uniformities

Specific Weight
Splice Details Design Load Ultimate Capacity Pile Toe Protection

REQUIRED INFORMATION
Soil
Boring Locations with Elevations
Soil Descriptions N-values or Other Strength Parameters vs Depth

Elevation of Excavation
Elevation of Pile Cut-off Elevation of Water Table Scour Depth or Other Later Excavations

Pile Driving and Equipment Data Form

Co ntract No .: P ro ject: Co un ty:

S tru cture Na me an d/o r No .: P ile Drivin g Co ntracto r o r Su bco n tracto r: (Piles d riv en b y)

R a m

Hammer

Man ufa cturer: Mo d el No .: Ham mer Type : Se rial No .: Man ufa cturers Max imu m Ra te d E ne rg y: Stro ke a t Max imu m Ra te d E ne rg y: Ran ge in O p era tin g E ne rg y: to Ran ge in O p era tin g S tro ke: to Ram W eigh t: (kip s) Mod ific atio ns:

(ft-lbs) (ft) (ft-lbs) (ft)

Anvil
Striker Plate Weigh t: Thickne ss: Mate rial # 1 (kips) Diam ete r: (in ) (in)

Hammer Cushion

Ma te rial # 2 (fo r Co mp osite Cu shion ) Nam e: Na me : Area : (in2 ) A re a: Thickne ss/Plate : (in) Th ickn ess /P la te: No. o f P la tes: No . of Plate s: Tota l Thickne ss of Ha mm er Cu sh ion :

(in 2) (in)

Helmet (Drive Head) Weigh t:

(kips)

Pile Cushion

Mate rial: Area : (in2 ) No. o f S he ets: Tota l Thickne ss of P ile Cus hio n: Pile Typ e: Wall Th ickn ess: Cro ss Se ctio na l Area :

Th ickn ess /S h ee t: (in )

(in)

(in ) Tap er: (in 2) We ig ht/Ft: (ft) (kip s) (kip s)

Pile Orde re d Le n gth : Design Lo ad : Ultim ate P ile Ca pa city: Descrip tion of S plice: Driv ing Sh oe /Clo su re P la te De scriptio n: Su bm itted By: Telep ho ne No.: Date : Fax No .:

GRLWEAP Example 1 & 2 Problem

Hammer: Delmag D 12-42; 46 kJ (34 ft-kips) Depth (m) (ft) 0 0 10 20 8 30 12 40 50 60 20 Shaft Resistance, 84%: Triangular Distribution 1240 kN (280 kips) Medium Sand N = 20 Hammer Cushion: 50 mm (2 inch) Aluminum + Conbest Helmet: 7.6 kN (1.7 kips)

Pile: Closed End Pipe OD 356 mm (14 inch) Wall 8 mm (0.314 inch)
Ru = 330 kips

16

Toe Resistance, 16%: 240 kN (54 kips)

250

250

T e n s io n S tr e s s ( M P a )

GRL Engineers, Inc. FHWA - GRLWEAP EXAMPLE #1

C o m p r e s s iv e S tr e s s ( M P a )

GRLWEAP Example 1 Solution - SI

DELMAG D 12-42 Efficiency Helmet Hammer Cushion Skin Quake Toe Quake Skin Damping Toe Damping Pile Length Pile Penetration Pile Top Area 0.800
200

27-Aug-2003 GRLWEAP (TM) Version 2003

195 MPa

200

150

150

7.60 kN 10535 kN/mm 2.500 3.000 0.160 0.500 mm mm sec/m sec/m

100

100

50

50

U ltim a t e C a p a c ity ( k N )

0 2000

0 5.00

20.00 m 19.00 m 86.51 cm2 Skin Friction Distribution

1200

3.00

2.6 m
800 2.00

400

1.00

0 0.0

25.0

50.0

75.0

100.0

125.0

0.00 150.0

S t r o k e ( m e te r )

1480 kN

1600

4.00

Pile Model

Blow Count (blows/.25m)

Res. Shaft = 84 % (Proportional)

68 blows / 0.25 m

GRL Engineers, Inc. FHWA - GRLWEAP EXAMPLE #2

250

GRLWEAP Example 2 Solution - SI

250

31-Jan-2005 GRLWEAP (TM) Version 2005

DELMAG Capaci ty Effi ci ency

D 12-42 1480.0 kN 0.800 7.60 kN 10699 kN/mm 2.540 5.931 0.164 0.490 mm mm sec/m sec/m

Compressive Stress (MPa)

200

Tension Stress (MPa)

200

150

150

Hel m et Ham m er Cushi on Ski n T oe Ski n T oe Quake Quake Dam ping Dam pi ng

100

100

50

50

0 4.00

Pi l e Length Pi l e Penetration Pi l e T op Area

20.00 m 19.00 m 87.46 cm 2

Pi l e M odel
3.50

Ski n Fri cti on Di stri buti on

Stroke (m)

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50 33

54

74

95

115

136

156

Bl ow Count (bl ows/.25m )

Res. Shaft = 84 % (Proportional )

GRLWEAP Example 3 Problem

Penetration Depth for Tension Evaluation Depth (m) (ft) 0 0 10 20 8 30 12 40 50 60 20 Dense Sand and Gravel N = 34 Medium Dense Silty Fine Sand N = 14 Loose Silty Fine Sand N = 8 Pile: Square Prestressed Concrete Pile Length 12 m (39 ft) 356 mm (14 inch) Ultimate Capacity: 1807 kN (406 kips) Shaft Resistance, 10%: 180 kN (40 kips) Shaft Resistance, 33%: 597 kN (134 kips) Shaft Resistance, 5%: 97 kN (22 kips) Toe Resistance, 52%: 933 kN (210 kips) Hammer: JUNTTAN HHK 3 Hammer Cushion: 200 mm (7.9 inch) Monocast MC 901 Helmet: 9.6 kN (2.16 kips) Pile Cushion: 114 mm (4.5 inch) Plywood

16

GRL Engineers, Inc. FHWA - GRLWEAP EXAMPLE #3, 114mm @ 3.5m FHWA - GRLWEAP EXAMPLE #3, 209mm @ 3.5m
20 20

Example 3 Solution Shallow Depth

JUNT T AN HHK 3 Stroke Effi ci ency Hel m et Ham m er Cushi on Pi l e Cushi on Ski n T oe Ski n T oe Quake Quake Dam ping Dam pi ng 1.00 0.800 9.60 1989 229 2.500 5.994 0.161 0.500 mm mm sec/m sec/m

31-Jan-2005

GRLWEAP (TM) Version 2005

JUNT T AN HHK 3 1.00 m 0.800 9.60 kN 1989 kN/mm 125 kN/mm 2.500 5.994 0.161 0.500 mm mm sec/m sec/m

Compressive Stress (MPa)

16

Tension Stress (MPa)

16

12

12

0 2500

Pi l e Length 12.00 Pi l e Penetration 3.50 Pi l e T op Area 1267.35

12.00 m 3.50 m 1267.35 cm 2

Ultimate Capacity (kN)

Ski n Fri cti on Ski n Fri cti on Pi l e M odel Di stri buti on Pi l e M odel Di stri buti on
2000

1500

1000

500

0 0

40

80

120

160

200

240

Bl ow Count (bl ows/.25m )

Res. Shaft = 48 % (Proportional )

Res. Shaft = 48 % (Proportional )

GRL Engineers, Inc. FHWA - GRLWEAP E XAMPLE #3, 209mm @ 11.5m

20 20

Example 3 Solution Final Depth

JUNT T AN HHK 3 Stroke Effi ci ency Hel m et Ham m er Cushi on Pi l e Cushi on Ski n T oe Ski n T oe Quake Quake Dam ping Dam pi ng 1.00 m 0.800 9.60 kN 1989 kN/mm 376 kN/mm 2.500 6.000 0.160 0.500 mm mm sec/m sec/m

31-Jan-2005 GRLWEAP (TM) Version 2005

Compressive Stress (MPa)

16

Tension Stress (MPa)

16

12

12

0 2500

Pi l e Length Pi l e Penetration Pi l e T op Area

12.00 m 11.50 m 1267.35 cm 2 Ski n Fri cti on Di stri buti on

Pi l e M odel

Ultimate Capacity (kN)

2000

1500

1000

500

0 0

25

50

75

100

125

150

Bl ow Count (bl ows/.25m )

Res. Shaft = 48 % (Proportional )

GRLWEAP Example 5 Problem

Hammer: Conmaco 140: 56.9 kJ (42 ft-kips) Hammer Cushion: 152 mm (6 inch) Blue Nylon Helmet: 18.09 kN (4.1 kips) Pile Cushion: 254 mm (10 inch) Plywood
5m

Depth (m) (ft) 0 4 8 12 16 20 70 24

Bedrock

30

Loose Slit (Subject to 10 Scour) 20 Extremely Dense Sand and Gravel N = 110

Sheeting for Cofferdam Displacement Pile: Square Prestressed Concrete 356 mm (14 inch) x 14 m (46 ft) long Driving Resistance: 2870 kN (645 kips) Non-Displacement Pile: H-Pile NonHP 360x152 (14x102) x 16 m (52.5 ft) long Driving Resistance: 2405kN (540 kips) Ultimate Capacity: 1780 kN (400 kips) after Scour Minimum Penetration Requirement

4m

40 50 60

Dense Sand and Gravel N = 33

11.5 m

GRL Engineers, Inc.

Example 5 Solution First Pile

Comp. Stress (MPa)
4000 0 10 20 30 40 0.0 10.0

2005 Jan 17

FHWA - GRLWEAP EXAMPLE #5 - First Pile Gain/Loss 1 at Shaft and Toe 1.000 / 1.000
Ult. Capacity (kN)
0 1000 2000 3000

GRLWEAP(TM) Version 2005

ENTHRU (kJ)
20.0 30.0 40.0

D e p th (m )

11

11

11

13

13

13

14

14

14

16

16

16

18

20

40

60

80

18

10

20

30

40

18 0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Blow Count (blows/.25m)

Tension (MPa)

Stroke (m)

GRL Engineers, Inc.

Example 5 Solution Subsequent Piles

Ult. Capacity (kN) Comp. Stress (MPa)
4000 0 10 20 30 40 0.0 10.0

2005 Jan 17

FHWA - GRLWEAP EXAMPLE #5 - Later Piles Gain/Loss 1 at Shaft and Toe 1.330 / 1.330

GRLWEAP(TM) Version 2005

ENTHRU (kJ)
20.0 30.0 40.0

1000

2000

3000

D e p th (m )

11

11

11

13

13

13

14

14

14

16

16

16

18

50

100

150

200

18

10

20

30

40

18 0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Blow Count (blows/.25m)

Tension (MPa)

Stroke (m)

GRL Engineers, Inc.

Example 5 Solution H-pile Alternate

Gain/Loss 1 at Shaft and Toe 1.000 / 1.000
Comp. Stress (MPa)
16000 0 100 200 300 400 0.0 10.0

2005 Jan 17

FHWA - GRLWEAP EXAMPLE #5 - H-Pile

Ult. Capacity (kN)
0 4000 8000 12000

GRLWEAP(TM) Version 2005

ENTHRU (kJ)
20.0 30.0 40.0

D e p th (m )

11

11

11

13

13

13

14

14

14

16

16

16

18

100

200

300

400

18

100

200

300

400

18 0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Blow Count (blows/.25m)

Tension (MPa)

Stroke (m)

GRLWEAP Example 6 Problem

Hammer: ICE 42-S: 56.9 kJ (42 ft-kips) or Vulcan 014: 56.9 kJ (42 ft-kips) Depth Hammer Cushion: Varies Helmet: Varies Pile: Closed End Pipe Pile Length 20 m (66 ft) Pile Penetration 16 m (52.5 ft) 355 mm (14 inch) x 9.5 mm (3/8 inch) Ultimate Capacity 1800 kN (405 kips) Shaft Resistance, 30% Triangular Distribution 540 kN (121 kips) Very Dense Silty Fine Sand Toe Resistance, 70% 1260 kN (284 kips)

(m)
0

(ft)
0

10 4 20 8 30 12 40 50

Loose Silty Fine Sand

16

60
20

GRL Engineers, Inc. FHWA-GRLWEAP EXAMPLE #6 - Lt Ram, 10mm FHWA-GRLWEAP EXAMPLE #6 - Hy Ram, 10mm
400

GRLWEAP Example 6 Solution - SI GRLWEAP (TM) Version 2005

400

31-Jan-2005

ICE

42-S

VULCAN

VUL 014

Compressive Stress (MPa)

320

Tension Stress (MPa)

320

Effi ci ency Hel m et Ham m er Cushi on Ski n T oe Ski n T oe Quake Quake Dam ping Dam pi ng

0.800 9.12 6075 2.500 10.000 0.150 0.500 mm mm sec/m sec/m

0.670 7.45 kN 1417 kN/mm 2.500 10.000 0.150 0.500 mm mm sec/m sec/m

240

240

160

160

80

80

0 2500

0 10

Pi l e Length 20.00 Pi l e Penetration 16.00 Pi l e T op Area 103.41

20.00 m 16.00 m 103.41 cm 2

Ultimate Capacity (kN)

Ski n Fri cti on Ski n Fri cti on Pi l e M odel Di stri buti on Pi l e M odel Di stri buti on
2000 8

1500

Stroke (m)

1000

500

0 0

50

100

150

200

250

0 300

Bl ow Count (bl ows/.25m )

Res. Shaft = 30 % (Proportional )

Res. Shaft = 30 % (Proportional )

GRLWEAP Example 8 Problem

Hammer: Berming B 2005; 32.7 kJ (24 ft-kips) Hammer Cushion: 152 mm (6 inch) Aluminum + Micarta Depth (m) (ft) 0 0 10 Medium Sand N = 10, = 30 Shaft Resistance, 2%: 28 kN (7 kips) Shaft Resistance, 8%: 112 kN (26 kips) Helmet: 7.1 kN (1.6 kips) Pile: Closed End Pipe 324 mm (12.75 inch) x 15 m (50 ft) long Ultimate Capacity; 1470 kN (330 kips)

Medium Clay 20 Cu = 36 kPa (0.8 ksi) 8 30 12 40 50 60 20 Dense Sand N = 35, = 37.5

Shaft Resistance, 37%: 551 kN (122 kips)

16

Toe Resistance, 53%: 779 kN (175 kips)

GRL Engineers, Inc. FHWA - GRLWEAP EXAMPLE #8 - 6.3 mm Wall FHWA - GRLWEAP EXAMPLE #8 - 7.1 mm Wall
375

GRLWEAP Example 8 Solution - SI GRLWEAP (TM) Version 2005

375

31-Jan-2005

BERM INGH B2005

BERM INGH B2005

Compressive Stress (MPa)

300

Tension Stress (MPa)

300

Effi ci ency

0.800

0.800 7.12 kN 245185 kN/mm mm mm sec/m sec/m 2.500 2.500 0.150 0.500 mm mm sec/m sec/m

225

225

Hel m et 7.12 Ham m er Cushi on245185 Ski n T oe Ski n T oe Quake Quake Dam ping Dam pi ng 2.500 2.500 0.150 0.500 15.00 14.00 62.88

150

150

75

75

6.3 mm
2000

7.1 mm
5

Pi l e Length Pi l e Penetration Pi l e T op Area

15.00 m 14.00 m 70.69 cm 2

Ultimate Capacity (kN)

Ski n Fri cti on Ski n Fri cti on Pi l e M odel Di stri buti on Pi l e M odel Di stri buti on
1600 4

1200

Stroke (m)

800

400

0 0

50

100

150

200

250

0 300

Bl ow Count (bl ows/.25m )

Res. Shaft = 47 % (Proportional )

Res. Shaft = 47 % (Proportional )

GRL Engineers, Inc. FHWA - GRLWEAP EXAMPLE #8 - 7.9 mm Wall FHWA - GRLWEAP EXAMPLE #8 - 9.5 mm Wall
250

GRLWEAP Example 8 Solution - SI GRLWEAP (TM) Version 2005

31-Jan-2005
250

BERM INGH B2005

BERM INGH B2005

Compressive Stress (MPa)

200

Tension Stress (MPa)

200

Effi ci ency

0.800

0.800 7.12 kN 245185 kN/mm mm mm sec/m sec/m 2.500 2.500 0.150 0.500 mm mm sec/m sec/m

150

150

Hel m et 7.12 Ham m er Cushi on245185 Ski n T oe Ski n T oe Quake Quake Dampi ng Dam pi ng 2.500 2.500 0.150 0.500 15.00 14.00 78.45

100

100

50

50

7.9 mm
2000

9.5 mm
5

Pi l e Length Pi l e Penetrati on Pi l e T op Area

15.00 m 14.00 m 93.86 cm 2

Ultimate Capacity (kN)

Ski n Fri cti on Ski n Fri cti on Pi l e M odel Di stri buti on Pi l e M odel Di stri buti on
1600 4

1200

Stroke (m)

800

400

0 0

50

100

150

200

250

0 300

Bl ow Count (bl ows/.25m)

Res. Shaft = 47 % (Proporti onal )

Res. Shaft = 47 % (Proporti onal )

GRLWEAP Example 8 Solution

Summary of Compression Stress and Blow Count Results
Wall Thickness Compressive Stress Blow Count

Mm

inch

MPa

ksi

Blows/0.25 m

Blows/ft

6.3
7.1

7.9 mm

0.250 9.5 mm
0.281

244
213

35.4
30.9

160
130

195
158

7.9
9.5

0.312
0.375

197
183

28.6
26.5

115
100

140
120

Criteria 0.90 FY = 279 MPa or 40.5 ksi,

Blow count of 25 98 bl/.25 m or 30 - 120 bl/ft