Drought
Drought
Drought
DROUGHT
GROUP MEMBERS:
KHAIRIL ALI MIZAM BIN HARUN MIZAM AZIERAH BINTI ABU KASIM NUR RITASHA BINTI TARIDI EMILIA BINTI ZAINAL ABIDIN NURUL ATHIRAH BINTI MOHAMAD SALJI
OUTLINES
Introduction of Drought
Definition of Drought
Causes of Drought Types of Drought
Effects of Drought
Regions Affected How Meteorologist Predict Drought
Management of Drought
Example cases of Drought
Introduction of Drought
Drought is one of the most widespread complex and complicated disasters.
Introduction of Drought
In general, drought means different things to
different people.
Agriculturist: Deficiency of soil moisture in the crop root zone Meteorologist: Absence of rain Hydrologist: Lowering of water levels
consecutive days with daily precipitation totals of less than .25 mm United States (1942): Less than 2.5 mm of rainfall in 48 hours India (1960): Actual seasonal rainfall deficient by more than twice the mean deviation Bali (1964): A period of six days without rain Libya (1964): Annual rainfall less than 180 mm
Definition of Drought
Deficiency in precipitation over an extended
period, usually a season or more. Drought is a normal part of climate, and it can occur almost anywhere on earth. Drought's features and effects vary from place to place because of different geographical features and cultures, which affect how people use water.
Causes of Drought
Caused by lack of water vapor in the atmosphere, which is responsible for precipitation (rainfall or snowfall).
Why??
Winds cause weather patterns to move around the world, including clouds that bring rain. Over the years, these patterns become routine, creating climate. Sometimes, these patterns change and when they do, some areas can receive less rainfall than normal.
Types of Drought
Meteorological Drought
Socioeconomic Drought
Hydrological Drought
Agricultural Drought
Meteorological Drought
Referring to a lack of
precipitation. Meteorological drought often leads to reduction of natural stream flows or groundwater levels, plus stored water supplies. It is the least severe form of drought and is often identified by sunny days and hot weather.
Hydrological Drought
Referring to low
California water levels at an all time low. ( Jan 17 2014)
levels of water in lakes and reservoirs. Main impact is on water resource systems.
Agricultural Drought
Referring to a lack of moisture
level in the soil to maintain average crop yields. Initial consequences are in the reduced seasonal output of crops and other related production. An extreme agricultural drought can lead to a famine, which is a prolonged shortage of food in a restricted region causing widespread disease and death from starvation.
Kansas Drought
Socioeconomic Drought
Correlates the supply and demand of foods and
services with the three above-mentioned types of drought. When the supply of some goods or services such as water and electricity are weather dependent then drought may cause shortages in supply of these economic goods.
categories:
Economic
Environmental
Social
Economic
Damage to crop quality and less food production
- Less income for famers and retailers - Increased prices for food Damage to wildlife and fish habitat - Increased death rates Damage to recreational and tourism industries Forest fires increase
Environmental
Lack of feed and drinking water - All living must have water to survive Increases in insect infestations, plant disease, and
creates a lack of clean water for drinking, public sanitation and personal hygiene
Social
Food shortages
- The lack of water creates a corresponding lack of food, people will compete
Health, public safety, conflicts between water
users, and reduced quality of life - Many people migrate to areas outside the drought-affected location
areas of the eastern U.S although localized drought relief was noted across south-central portions of the nation. Drought persisted/intensified across the west (where alarmingly low water-year precipitation and meager mountain snowpack continued).
PUERTO RICO
in the Carribean, rain mostly bypassed Puerto Ricos D0 area, with light to moderate showers (0.50 to 2.50 inches) confined to western portions of the island. D0 was expanded northeast (north of Caguas) to account for 90day precipitation totals that are less than 70 percent of normal.
HAWAII
D0 was reduced along the lower windward elevations of the Big Island due to favourable rainfall over the past 7 to 10 days and above average rainfall so far this month.
ALASKA
updated SNOTEL data indicated the Snow Water Equivalent (SWE). Near to above normal across interior portions of the state, facilitating the removal of Abnormal Dryness (D0) and Moderate Drought (D1).
happening in the atmosphere. Tools and technology that used to gather data.
Clouds
Cirrus clouds
Thin & wispy Very cold in the sky where cirrus clouds form so there are made of ice, not drops of water. Do not bring rain that can end a drought.
Clouds (cont)
Cumulus clouds
Puffy clouds. Can be a good sign during a drought. can bring a rain if it grow but big cumulus clouds not always a good news during the drought (can cause flood)
Clouds (cont)
Nimbostratus clouds
Show the drought will end. Look like a thick blanket of cloud. Bring steady rain, often for days on end. The best type of rain to end a drought.
Computer
3. Declaration of Water Emergency Impose mandatory restrictions on water use during the period of the emergency.
4. Voluntary Conservation Measures Limit or eliminate nonessential water uses, limitations on the following uses: i. Water used for outdoor watering ii. Waste of water
Cloud Seeding
A form of intentional weather modification, is the attempt to change the amount or type of precipitation that falls from clouds, by dispersing substances into the air that serve as cloud condensation or ice nuclei, which alter the microphysical processes within the cloud.
Silver iodide
Suitable when cloud temperature ranges between -7 to -20 degree Celsius. Silver iodide has a crystalline structure similar to ice which will induce freezing nucleation. Silver iodide can cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury to humans and mammals with intense or continued but not chronic exposure.
Dry ice
Expansion cools the air to such an extent that ice crystals can nucleate spontaneously from the vapour phase does not require any existing droplets or particles because it produces extremely high vapour super saturations near the seeding substance. However, the existing droplets are needed for the ice crystals to grow into large enough particles to precipitate out.
Involves spreading a chemical like silver iodide into clouds. The silver iodide provides a crystal around which moisture can condense. The moisture is already present in the clouds, but silver iodide essentially makes rain clouds more effective at dispensing their water.
Dynamic Cloud Seeding
Aims to boost vertical air currents, which encourages more water to pass through the clouds, translating into more rain. Up to 100 times more ice crystals are used in dynamic cloud seeding than in the static method. The process is considered more complex than static clouding seeding because it depends on a sequence of events working properly.
Hygroscopic Cloud Seeding
Disperses salts through flares or explosives in the lower portions of clouds. The salts grow in size as water joins with them. In his report on cloud seeding, Cotton says that hygroscopic cloud seeding holds much promise, but requires further research.
Desalination
Definition Refer to any of several processes that remove some amount of salt and other minerals from saline water. More generally, desalination may also refer to the removal of salts and minerals, as in soil desalination.
Purpose Salt water is desalinated to produce fresh water suitable for human consumption or irrigation.
Desalination Process
Use membranes to desalinate, principally applying reverse osmosis technology. Membrane processes use semipermeable membranes and pressure to separate salts from water. Reverse osmosis plant membrane systems typically use less energy than thermal distillation, which has led to a reduction in overall desalination costs. Desalination remains energy intensive, however, and future costs will continue to depend on the price of both energy and desalination technology.
China: 1876 1879 Drought caused rivers to run dry and killed approximately 9 million people.
South-western United States: 1950 1957 244 out of 254 counties in Texas were considered federal disaster areas.
drought. Threatened the livelihood of 9.5 million people. Rains failed in 2011 in Kenya and Ethiopia, and for the previous two years in Somalia.
Reasons: Weather conditions over the Pacific Unusually strong La Nina
during the main rainy season from April to June, the primary season, was less than 30% of the average
some areas. Cereal prices rose to record levels while livestock prices and wages fell. Refugee Crisis: By 15 September, more than 920,000 refugees from Somalia had reportedly fled to neighbouring countries, particularly Kenya and Ethiopia. In June 2011 Kenya hosted at least 440,000 people in three refugee camps, though the maximum capacity was 90,000. Health and Disease Issues: Severe measles epidemic, malaria, cholera and acute malnutrition(children).
Province Affected: Anhui, Gansu, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Shaanxi, Shandong and Shanxi. Period: 2010-2011 People Affected: 35 million , including 4.2 million facing a drinking water shortage Relief Cost: US$ 15 billion
country in 60 years. Affected most of wheatproducing regions. Drought caused water shortages for an estimated 2.31 million people and 2.57 million livestock. Potential of damage to China's wheat harvest was likely a factor in an increase of worldwide wheat prices in early 2011.
RELIEF RESPONSE
Early February 2011, the Chinese Government spent
nearly US$ 15 billion in cash payments to farmers and subsidies. The government announced in early February 2011 several tactics to combat the effects of the drought:
estimated US$ 1 billion would be spent on obtaining water to be used on wheat fields. Drilling about 1,350 new wells sending personnel to locate new below-ground water reserves
1998
KEDAH
1998
PULAU PINANG K KE EL LA AN NT TA AN N PERAK
1998
TERENGGANU
1998
STRAITS OF MELAKA
1998
M ME EL LA AK KA A JOHOR
1998
1991,1998 1998
Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Phenomenon Creates some periods of domestic water supply disruption (April-September 1998) An effect of ENSO phenomenon is the shifting of rainfall patterns over different regions of the world
WATER SHORTAGE
Malaysian Economy has gone rapid structural change since 1957 Rapid economic growth industrialization & irrigated agriculture Increasing population
Impacts on Irrigated Agriculture Paddy farmers (Kelantan, Kedah, Penang, Sabah & Sarawak) Estimated loss RM 7 million
Impacts on Water Utilities, environment and social activities Extensive wild forest fire 1.8 million residents in Klang Valley (AprSept 1998) Malacca (1991)
Langat Dam