Cell Range
Radio Design 15th April 2011
Introduction
Cell range is the distance from BTS to a point where the
received signal strength from BTS
sensitivity level at that point.
is equal to
MS
Coverage
area
can
be
calculated
from
cell
range
depending upon the shape of the cell , which can be hexagonal , square or circular , though hexagonal cells are conventional .
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Path loss
The signal path loss is essentially the reduction in power density
of an electromagnetic wave or signal as it propagates through
the environment in which it is travelling. There are many reasons for the radio path loss that may occur: Free space loss Absorption losses Diffraction Multipath
Terrain
Buildings and vegetation
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EIRP
Gantenns,bts Ptrx
TRX Output
Lcombiner
Combiner
Lduplexer
Duplexer
Lconnector,Lfeeder&jumper EIRP (Effective isotropically radiated power) is the amount
of power that a theoretical isotropic antenna would emit to
produce the peak power density observed in the direction of maximum antenna gain. EIRP = TRX Output Power Combiner loss Duplexer lossConnector loss Feeder & Jumper loss + Antenna gain =Ptrx-Lcombiner-Lduplexer-Lconnector-Lfeeder&jumper+Gantenns,bts
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MAPL
Gantenns,bts Ptr
TRX x Output
Lcombiner
Combiner
Lduplexer
Duplexer
Path loss (Lp)
MS
Lconnector,Lfeeder&jumper MAPL (maximum allowable path loss ) = EIRP MSsensitivity
After calculating MAPL , the corresponding cell size can be
determined by using the appropriate wave propagation model.
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Wave propagation models
Empirical models are based on measurements. Some empirical
models (like the ITU model) are curves derived from measurements.
Others summarize the measurements in formulas (like the Okumura Hata model) which fit the measured data. Such models are very simple to handle but also usually rather imprecise.
Deterministic models are based on simplifying assumption for the
general problem.it can be a simple model for a special situation of the general problem (like the knife edge model). Deterministic model can reach a very high precision, but they suffer from a very high
complexity.
Semi empirical models are a combination of empirical models with deterministic models for special situations.
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Wave propagation models
Empirical models Log distance path loss ITU Okumura Hata COST Hata
Semi empirical models Okumura Hata & knife edge COST Hata & knife edge COST Walfisch Ikegami
Deterministic models Ray launching, ray tracing Finite difference
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Okumura Hata model
The Okumura Hata model
is the most popular empirical
model for macro cell predictions. The Okumura Hata model assumes a quasi flat surface, i.e. obstacles like buildings are not explicitly taken into
account. Thus the Okumura Hata model is isotropic. The
different types of surfaces (big cities, small cities, suburban and rural) are distinguished by different correction factors in this model.
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Okumura Hata model
The path loss for urban : L = Lu- a(hr) dB suburban : L = Lu- a(hr)-2{log (f/28)}2 -5.4 dB Rural : L = Lu-a(hr)-4.78(log f)2 18.33log f -40.94 dB
Lu=69.55+26.16 log f13.82log ht+(44.9 6.55 log ht )* log d dB
Where ,
f is the frequency in the range [150:1500] MHz ht is the height of the transmitter in range [30:200] Ft hr is the height of the receiver in range [1:10] m d is the radio link distance in the range [1:20]km a(hr) is the correction factor depending upon hr
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Okumura Hata model
The mobile antenna height correction factor is computed as: For a small city and medium size city: a(hr)= (1.1log(f )- 0.7) hr - (1.56 log( f ) - 0.8)
For a large city a(hr)= 8.29(log(1.54hr ))2 -1.1 a(hr)= 3.2(log(11.75 hr) )2 - 4.97 f < 300 MHz f 300 MHz
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COST Hata model
The Okumura Hata model cannot be applied directly to
systems like GSM 1800/1900 or DECT. Therefore it was
extended to higher frequencies in the framework of the European research cooperation COST. The major difference between the Okumura Hata model is a modified dependence on frequency and additional correction factor for inner city areas. Same as okumura hata model , in COST model Local properties of the surface (big buildings, hills
etc.) are not taken into account.
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COST Walfisch Ikegami model
For a better accuracy in urban areas building height and street width have to be taken into account, at least as statistical
parameters. Based on the Walfisch Bertoni propagation model
for BS antennas place above the roof tops, the semi-empirical COST Walfisch Ikegami model is a generalization including BS antennas placed below the roof tops. Parameter range for this model: Frequency f= [800:2000]MHz Height base station ht= [4:50]m
Height Mobile station hr= [1:3]m
Distance d= [0.02:5]km
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Cell range
When , L (path loss) = Lp,max (maximum allowable path loss) The distance d (radio link distance ) = R (cell range ) For example , by calculating MAPL (maximum allowable path loss ) = EIRP MSsensitivity
we can use appropriate propagation model , such as : Okumura hata
model (for large urban city ) : Lp,max =69.55+26.16 log f13.82log ht+(44.96.55log ht )*logR-a(hr) where , a(hr)= 3.2(log(11.75 hr) )2 - 4.97 And find out the R(cell range ) and thus the coverage area.
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THANK YOU
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