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Fourier Theory Made Easy (?)

The document discusses Fourier analysis and Fourier transforms. It explains that Fourier analysis can be used to decompose periodic signals and functions into sine and cosine components. The Fourier transform takes a signal and represents it as a sum of complex exponentials of varying frequencies. The document provides examples of Fourier transforms of common signals like sine waves, Gaussians, and exponential decay. It also discusses how changing parameters like the sampling rate and duration can impact the Fourier transform representation.

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104 views30 pages

Fourier Theory Made Easy (?)

The document discusses Fourier analysis and Fourier transforms. It explains that Fourier analysis can be used to decompose periodic signals and functions into sine and cosine components. The Fourier transform takes a signal and represents it as a sum of complex exponentials of varying frequencies. The document provides examples of Fourier transforms of common signals like sine waves, Gaussians, and exponential decay. It also discusses how changing parameters like the sampling rate and duration can impact the Fourier transform representation.

Uploaded by

gaurav_juneja_4
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Fourier theory made easy (?

)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
5*sin (2t4t)
Amplitude = 5
Frequency = 4 Hz
seconds
A sine wave
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
5*sin(2t4t)
Amplitude = 5
Frequency = 4 Hz
Sampling rate = 256
samples/second
seconds
Sampling duration =
1 second
A sine wave signal
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
sin(2t8t), SR = 8.5 Hz
An undersampled signal
The Nyquist Frequency
The Nyquist frequency is equal to one-half
of the sampling frequency.
The Nyquist frequency is the highest
frequency that can be measured in a signal.
http://www.falstad.com/fourier/j2/
Fourier series
Periodic functions and signals may be
expanded into a series of sine and cosine
functions
The Fourier Transform
A transform takes one function (or signal)
and turns it into another function (or signal)
The Fourier Transform
A transform takes one function (or signal)
and turns it into another function (or signal)
Continuous Fourier Transform:
close your eyes if you
dont like integrals
The Fourier Transform
A transform takes one function (or signal)
and turns it into another function (or signal)
Continuous Fourier Transform:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
}
}


=
=
df e f H t h
dt e t h f H
ift
ift
t
t
2
2
A transform takes one function (or signal)
and turns it into another function (or signal)
The Discrete Fourier Transform:
The Fourier Transform

=
=
=
1
0
2
1
0
2
1
N
n
N ikn
n k
N
k
N ikn
k n
e H
N
h
e h H
t
t
Fast Fourier Transform
The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is a very
efficient algorithm for performing a discrete
Fourier transform
FFT principle first used by Gauss in 18??
FFT algorithm published by Cooley & Tukey in
1965
In 1969, the 2048 point analysis of a seismic trace
took 13 hours. Using the FFT, the same task on
the same machine took 2.4 seconds!
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
-2
-1
0
1
2
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Famous Fourier Transforms
Sine wave
Delta function
Famous Fourier Transforms
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0 50 100 150 200 250
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Gaussian
Gaussian
Famous Fourier Transforms
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
-100 -50 0 50 100
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Sinc function
Square wave
Famous Fourier Transforms
Sinc function
Square wave
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
-100 -50 0 50 100
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Famous Fourier Transforms
Exponential
Lorentzian
0 50 100 150 200 250
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
FFT of FID
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
-2
-1
0
1
2
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
f = 8 Hz
SR = 256 Hz
T2 = 0.5 s
( ) ( )
|
.
|

\
|

=
2
exp 2 sin
T
t
ft t F t
FFT of FID
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
-2
-1
0
1
2
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
f = 8 Hz
SR = 256 Hz
T2 = 0.1 s
FFT of FID
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
-2
-1
0
1
2
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
0
50
100
150
200
f = 8 Hz
SR = 256 Hz
T2 = 2 s
Effect of changing sample rate
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
-2
-1
0
1
2
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
f = 8 Hz
T2 = 0.5 s
Effect of changing sample rate
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
-2
-1
0
1
2
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
SR = 256 Hz
SR = 128 Hz
f = 8 Hz
T2 = 0.5 s
Effect of changing sample rate
Lowering the sample rate:
Reduces the Nyquist frequency, which
Reduces the maximum measurable frequency
Does not affect the frequency resolution
Effect of changing sampling duration
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
-2
-1
0
1
2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
f = 8 Hz
T2 = .5 s
Effect of changing sampling duration
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
-2
-1
0
1
2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
ST = 2.0 s
ST = 1.0 s
f = 8 Hz
T2 = .5 s
Effect of changing sampling duration
Reducing the sampling duration:
Lowers the frequency resolution
Does not affect the range of frequencies you
can measure
Effect of changing sampling duration
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
-2
-1
0
1
2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0
50
100
150
200
f = 8 Hz
T2 = 2.0 s
Effect of changing sampling duration
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
-2
-1
0
1
2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
ST = 2.0 s
ST = 1.0 s
f = 8 Hz
T2 = 0.1 s
Measuring multiple frequencies
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
f
1
= 80 Hz, T2
1
= 1 s
f
2
= 90 Hz, T2
2
= .5 s
f
3
= 100 Hz, T2
3
= 0.25 s
SR = 256 Hz
Measuring multiple frequencies
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
f
1
= 80 Hz, T2
1
= 1 s
f
2
= 90 Hz, T2
2
= .5 s
f
3
= 200 Hz, T2
3
= 0.25 s
SR = 256 Hz
Some useful links
http://www.falstad.com/fourier/
Fourier series java applet
http://www.jhu.edu/~signals/
Collection of demonstrations about digital signal processing
http://www.ni.com/events/tutorials/campus.htm
FFT tutorial from National Instruments
http://www.cf.ac.uk/psych/CullingJ/dictionary.html
Dictionary of DSP terms
http://jchemed.chem.wisc.edu/JCEWWW/Features/McadInChem/mcad008/FT
4FreeIndDecay.pdf
Mathcad tutorial for exploring Fourier transforms of free-induction decay
http://lcni.uoregon.edu/fft/fft.ppt
This presentation

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