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Constructional Details of Steam Turbine

The document discusses the constructional details and working principles of steam turbines. It describes key components like the rotor, turbine blades, diaphragms and bearings. It explains the principles of impulse turbines where steam expands only in nozzles, and impulse-reaction turbines where steam expands in both nozzles and blades. It also discusses compounding techniques like pressure, velocity and pressure-velocity compounding. Finally, it provides technical data for a sample 35MW reaction steam turbine.

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97 views20 pages

Constructional Details of Steam Turbine

The document discusses the constructional details and working principles of steam turbines. It describes key components like the rotor, turbine blades, diaphragms and bearings. It explains the principles of impulse turbines where steam expands only in nozzles, and impulse-reaction turbines where steam expands in both nozzles and blades. It also discusses compounding techniques like pressure, velocity and pressure-velocity compounding. Finally, it provides technical data for a sample 35MW reaction steam turbine.

Uploaded by

sprotkar
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF STEAM TURBINE

Constructional Details of STG


Working principle of turbine parts Cylinder Rotor Turbine blades Diaphragms Bearings Thrust bearings Glands

Principle of Operation

Principle of operation

Two important elements of turbine are : 1. Nozzle 2. Blade

1. Nozzle
Heat enegy of steam is converted into kinetic energy when expanding.

2. Blade
Stream of steam suffers a change in direction which changes momentun and exerts force.

Impulse Turbine

Steam is expanded in nozzles only.

Steam pressure at the outlet side of blades equals that at inlet side.
Steam is expanded in nozzles as well as it passes through blades. Steam pressure at the outlet side of blade may be less than that at inlet side.

Impluse Reaction Turbine

Compounding

Pressure compounding
Velocity compounding Pressure velocity compounding

Pressure compounding

Splitting up the whole pressure drop into a series of smaller pressure drops.
1.

Characteristics
Each stage contents one set of nozzles and blades. Lower rotational speed. Carry over loss 1 to 2%

2. 3.

Pressure Compounding

Velocity compounding

Splitting up the whole velocity drop into a many small velocity drops.
1.

Characteristics
Consist of set of nozzles two or three rows of moving blades attached to rotor. Fixed blades fitted to casing guide the steam to succeeding. Leaving loss 2%.

2.

3.

Example

Curtis turbine

Velocity Compounding

Pressure velocity compounding

Characteristic
1.

Combination of pressure and velocity compounding. Simple in construction and more compact.

2.

Pressure-Velocity Compoundinng

Turbine Casing

Casing distorts due to inside of cylinder at a high temperature than the outside. Hoop stress is due to thermal stresses and stresses due to internal pressure. Good result obtained when bolts are tengential to shell. For low pressure(10 to 25 kg/cm2)
Flange thickness = 1.5 to1.75 times cylinder thickness.

For high pressure


Flange thickness = 3 times cylinder thickness.

Turbine Casing

Steam Turbine

Reaction steam turbine 47 stages Horizontal split casing Upper & lower casing halves are flanged & bolted. Top casing have inbuilt emergency stop vlave & brakets for fixing governing valves. Single shaft arrangement. Blading consist of HP & LP blading.

Technical Data of STG

Rated output Rated speed Rated pressure of steam before HP stop v/v Rated temperature of steam before HP stop v/v Rated pressure of steam before LP stop v/v Rated temperature of steam before LP stop v/v

35MW 3000RPM 60 kg/cm2 4800C

4.3 kg/cm2
1480C

Pressure in Gov. oil circuit Bearing oil pressure

5 to 8 bar 0.8 to 1.7 bar 450C to 480C 500C to 650C

Outlet temperature of
oil cooler Oil temperature outlet from bearings Bearing metal temp

(operating value)

850C
0.11 kg/cm2 0.89 kg/cm2

Design back pressure Design vaccum

Working Principle of Steam Turbine

When steam is allowed to expand through a narrow orifice, it assumes kinetic energy at the expense of its enthalpy (heat energy). This kinetic energy of steam is changed to mechnical (rotational) energy through the impact (impulse) or reaction of steam against the blades.

It should be realized that the blade of turbine obtains no motive force from the static pressure of the steam or from any impact of the steam jet.
The blades are designed in such a way, that steam will glide on and off the blade without any tendency to stirke it.

As the steam moves over the blades , its direction is contineously changing the centrifugal pressure exerted as the result is normal to the blade surface at all points.
The total motive force acting on the blade is thus the resultant of all the centrifugal forces plus the change of momentum. This causes the rotatational motion of the blades.

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