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Maximum-Subarray Problem, Matrix Multiplication and Strassen's Algorithm

This document discusses algorithms for solving the maximum subarray problem and matrix multiplication problems. It describes the brute force solutions and introduces divide-and-conquer algorithms to solve both problems more efficiently. For the maximum subarray problem, it presents an O(n log n) divide-and-conquer algorithm that recursively finds maximum subarrays in halves of the input array and the crossing subarray. For matrix multiplication, it presents a O(n^3) divide-and-conquer algorithm and introduces Strassen's O(n^2.807) algorithm that uses matrix addition and multiplication in novel ways.

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235 views18 pages

Maximum-Subarray Problem, Matrix Multiplication and Strassen's Algorithm

This document discusses algorithms for solving the maximum subarray problem and matrix multiplication problems. It describes the brute force solutions and introduces divide-and-conquer algorithms to solve both problems more efficiently. For the maximum subarray problem, it presents an O(n log n) divide-and-conquer algorithm that recursively finds maximum subarrays in halves of the input array and the crossing subarray. For matrix multiplication, it presents a O(n^3) divide-and-conquer algorithm and introduces Strassen's O(n^2.807) algorithm that uses matrix addition and multiplication in novel ways.

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Paksmiler
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Design and Analysis of Algorithms Maximum-subarray problem and matrix multiplication Haidong Xue Summer 2012, at GSU

Maximum-subarray problem back ground


If you know the price of certain stock from day i to day j; You can only buy and sell one share once How to maximize your profit?
120 110 100 Price 90 80 70 60 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 day # 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Maximum-subarray problem back ground


What is the brute-force solution? max = -infinity; for each day pair p { if(p.priceDifference>max) max=p.priceDifference; }
Time complexity?
2

pairs, so O(2 )

Maximum-subarray problem back ground


If we know the price difference of each 2 contiguous days The solution can be found from the maximum-subarray Maximum-subarray of array A is:
A subarray of A Nonempty Contiguous Whose values have the the largest sum

Maximum-subarray problem back ground


Day Price Difference 0 10 1 11 1 2 7 -4 3 10 3 4 6 -4

What is the solution?

Buy on day 2, sell on day 3

Can be solve it by the maximum-subarray of difference array?


Sub-array Sum 1-1 1 1-2 -3 1-3 0 1-4 -4 2-2 -4 2-3 -1 2-4 -5 3-3 3 3-4 -1 4-4 -4

Maximum-subarray problem divideand-conquer algorithm


How to divide?
Divide to 2 arrays

What is the base case? How to combine the sub problem solutions to the current solution?
A fact:
when divide array A[i, , j] into A[i, , mid] and A[mid+1, , j] A sub array must be in one of them
A[i, , mid] // the left array A[mid+1, , j] // the right array A[ , mid, mid+1.] // the array across the midpoint

The maximum subarray is the largest sub-array among maximum subarrays of those 3

Maximum-subarray problem divideand-conquer algorithm


Input: array A[i, , j] Ouput: sum of maximum-subarray, start point of maximumsubarray, end point of maximum-subarray FindMaxSubarray: 1. if(j<=i) return (A[i], i, j); 2. mid = floor(i+j); 3. (sumCross, startCross, endCross) = FindMaxCrossingSubarray(A, i, j, mid); 4. (sumLeft, startLeft, endLeft) = FindMaxSubarray(A, i, mid); 5. (sumRight, startRight, endRight) = FindMaxSubarray(A, mid+1, j); 6. Return the largest one from those 3

Maximum-subarray problem divideand-conquer algorithm


FindMaxCrossingSubarray(A, i, j, mid) 1. Scan A[i, mid] once, find the largest A[left, mid] 2. Scan A[mid+1, j] once, find the largest A[mid+1, right] 3. Return (sum of A[left, mid] and A[mid+1, right], left, right)

Lets try it in Java

Target array :

1 1

-4

All the sub arrays:

1
-4 3 2 -4 3 2 -3 3 3 2 -1 5 0 2 2 1 2

-4 -4

Max! 1 -4 -4 1 -4

3 3 3

Target array :

1 1

-4

Divide target array into 2 arrays

All the sub arrays: The problem can be then solved by: 1. Find the max in left sub arrays 2. Find the max in right sub arrays 3. Find the max in crossing sub arrays

1
-4 3 2 -4 3 2 -3 3 3 2 -1 5 0 2 2 1 2

We then have 3 types of subarrays: The ones belong to the left array The ones belong to the right array

-4 -4

The ones crossing the mid point

-4 -4

3 3 3

4. Choose the largest one from those 3 as the final result

-4

FindMaxSub (

-4

) FindMaxSub ( 1 -4 )

1. Find the max in left sub arrays

2. Find the max in right sub arrays FindMaxSub (

3. Find the max in crossing sub arrays Scan

-4

once, and scan

2 once

4. Choose the largest one from those 3 as the final result

3. Find the max in crossing sub arrays


1 -4 3 2

-4
1 -4

Sum=-4 Sum=-3 largest

3 3

Sum=3 2 Sum=5 largest

The largest crossing subarray is :

Maximum-subarray problem divideand-conquer algorithm


What is the time complexity? FindMaxSubarray: 1. if(j<=i) return (A[i], i, j); 2. mid = floor(i+j); 3. (sumCross, startCross, endCross) = FindMaxCrossingSubarray(A, i, j, mid); 4. (sumLeft, startLeft, endLeft) = FindMaxSubarray(A, i, mid); 5. (sumRight, startRight, endRight) = FindMaxSubarray(A, mid+1, j); 6. Return the largest one from those 3
= 2
2

+ (n)

Matrix multiplication
How to multiply two matrices?
9 = 1 2 3 2 1

Given matrix , = Time Complexity? = =1 For each , we need ()


There are 2 , so = 2 ()=(3 )

Matrix multiplication divide-and-conquer algorithm


C=AB

11 12 11 12 11 = 21 21 22 21 22 11 = 11 11 + 12 21 12 = 11 12 + 12 22 21 = 21 11 + 22 21 22 = 21 12 + 22 22 Recurrence equation?
2

12 22

= 8

+ (2 )

Matrix multiplication divide-and-conquer algorithm


= 8
2

+ (2 )

What is the time complexity? From Master method we know it is (3 )

Matrix multiplication Strassens algorithm


= 8
2

+ (2 )

= 7

+ (2 )

Matrix multiplication Strassens algorithm


Strassens algorithm 1. Perform 10 times matrix addition or subtraction to make 1 10 from 2. Perform 7 times matrix multiplication to make 1 to 7 from , 3. Perform matrix addition or matrix subtraction to obtain 11 , 12 , 21 and 22 = 7
2

+ (2 )= (27 )

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