Presented by: Aditya Reddy Presented to: ECE A

2012

Contents
Intrusion and

intruder Intrusion techniques Intrusion prevention and detection Password management UNIX scheme Password selection strategies How to choose secure password. References

Intrusion
Entrance Any

by force or without permission or welcome. set of actions that attempt to compromise the integrity, confidentiality or availability of a resource. intentional insertion of electromagnetic energy into transmission paths in any manner with the objective of deceiving operators or of causing confusion.

The

Intruder
Someone who intrudes on the privacy or property of another without permission.

Intrusion Techniques
The

objective of the intruder is to gain access to a system or to increase the range of privileges accessible on a system. must maintain a file that associates a password with each authorized user.

system

Intrusion Techniques

The password file can be protected in one of two ways: One-way function: The system stores only the value of a function based on the user's password. When the user presents a password, the system transforms that password and compares it with the stored value.
Access control: Access to the password file

is limited to one or a very few accounts.

Intrusion Techniques
Number

of password crackers, reports the following techniques for learning passwords:

three characters). Try words in the system's online dictionary or a list of likely passwords.

Intrusion Techniques
Collect information about users, such as

their full names. Try users' phone numbers, social security numbers, and room numbers. Use a Trojan horse.

Intrusion prevention and detection

best intrusion prevention system will fail. A system's second line of defense is intrusion detection, and this has been the focus of much research in recent years.

Intrusion detection approaches

Involves the collection of data relating to the behavior of legitimate users over a period of time. Then statistical tests are applied to observed behavior to determine with a high level of confidence whether that behavior is not legitimate user behavior.

Intrusion detection approaches

detection: Involves an attempt to define a set of rules that can be used to decide that a given behavior is that of an intruder.

Password Management
Password

Protection: The front line of defense against intruders is the password system. Virtually all multiuser systems require that a user provide not only a name or identifier (ID) but also a password. The password serves to authenticate the ID of the individual logging on to the system. In turn, the ID provides security in the following ways:

Password Management
The

ID determines whether the user is authorized to gain access to a system. ID determines the privileges accorded to the user.

The

Password Management

The Vulnerability of Passwords: let us consider a scheme that is widely used on UNIX:
Each user selects a password up to eight

characters. This is converted into a 56-bit value (key input to an encryption routine). The encryption routine is based on DES. The DES algorithm is modified using a 12-bit. This value is related to the time at which the password is assigned to the user.

Password Management
The modified DES algorithm is exercised with a

data input consisting of a 64-bit block of zeros. The output of the algorithm then serves as input for a second encryption. This process is repeated for a total of 25 encryptions. The resulting 64-bit output is then translated into an 11-character sequence. The hashed password is then stored, together with a plaintext copy of the salt, in the password file

Password Management

Password Management

Password Management
The

salt serves three purposes: It prevents duplicate passwords from being visible in the password file. It effectively increases the length of the password without requiring the user to remember additional characters.

Password Management
Access

Control: One way to thwart a password attack is to deny the opponent access to the password file. If the encrypted password portion of the file is accessible only by a privileged user, then the opponent cannot read it without already knowing the password of a privileged user.

Password Management
Password

Selection Strategies: The goal is to eliminate guessable passwords while allowing the user to select a password that is memorable. Four basic techniques are in use:
User education. Computer-generated passwords.

Reactive password checking.

Password Management

User education
Users can be told the importance of using hard-

to-guess passwords and can be provided with guidelines for selecting strong passwords.

Computer-generated passwords
passwords are quite random in nature

Reactive password checking

cracker to find guessable passwords. The system cancels any passwords that are guessed

Password Management

Proactive password checking

However, at the time of selection, the system checks to see if the password is allowable and, if not, rejects it.
The trick with a proactive password checker is to

strike a balance between user acceptability and strength.

Password Management

Proactive password checking approaches: Rule enforcement:

long. The passwords must include at least one each of uppercase, lowercase, numeric digits, and punctuation marks.
Another possible procedure is simply to

compile a large dictionary of possible "bad" passwords.

Password Management

Proactive password checker techniques Markov model: generation of guessable

Password Management

Password reuse

Friend Non-Tech Acquaintance

Tech Acquaintance Insider Competitor

Hacker

29%

0%

Most Able Attackers

Greatest A

Friend Non-Tech Acquaintance

Tech Acquaintance Insider Competitor

Hacker

2% 33%

Most Motivated Attackers

Payment Services
Processor

Retail Store

Internet

Attacker

Corporate

How to Choose a secure password?

Do NOT use words or phrases that have personal significance. Mix letters, numbers and symbols, and use case sensitivity Try to memorize the password, and avoid writing it down Do not use the same password for everything Use a password manager (PM). It is a utility that creates an encrypted file where your passwords are stored. Try to use "nonsense words." Do not tell anybody your password.

Conclusion
We need password because of the widespread adoption of computer networks, and particularly the Internet, has enabled electronic access to almost every possible service: e-mail, ecommerce, banking and government services. But with this access has come the need to identify the users of these services, both to safeguard personal information and to control the capabilities given to each user. An encrypted password database is likely to be much more secure than a notebook or a wallet.

Conclusion

Because of the difficulties associated with remembering passwords, a group of software applications, called password keepers or password managers has emerged. These applications deal with everything from the simple storage of user IDs and passwords to the management of password access across many users. Poor encryption or use of a weak master password, allowing the contents to be accessed.

References

Cryptography and Network Security Principles and Practices, Fourth Edition, William Stallings, 2005 Computer networks, Andrew S. Tanenbaum. Fourth Edition, 2003 Password management, Matt Bishop, Department of math and CS, Dartmouth college 2000. Password Management Strategies for Online Accounts, Shirley Gaw, Edward W. Felten, Princeton University 2002. Identity Lifecycle Management, Rafal Lukawiecki, Strategic Consultant, Project Botticelli Ltd, 2005 Payment Services Critical Infrastructure Protection, Michael Dahn,Sr. Security Advisor, 2005 Secure Password-Based Cipher Suite for TLS, Michael Steiner Universit at des Saarlandes and Peter Buhler, Thomas Eirich and Michael Waidner http://www.wikihow.com/Choose-a-Secure-Password Options for Secure Personal Password Management, Hugh T. Ranalli, 2003

Intruders and password protection

Thank You for listening

Aditya Reddy