Scribd
Upload
139 views19 pages

Continuous and Discrete Model

1. The document discusses different types of numerical simulation approaches such as static versus dynamic models, deterministic versus stochastic versus chaotic models, discrete versus continuous models, and aggregate versus individual models. 2. Success in applications like engineering depends on having a variety of modeling approaches available to formulate the right model for the problem. 3. The document provides examples of different types of models like continuous and stochastic models, discrete and deterministic models.

Uploaded by

surabhidivya
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
139 views19 pages

Continuous and Discrete Model

1. The document discusses different types of numerical simulation approaches such as static versus dynamic models, deterministic versus stochastic versus chaotic models, discrete versus continuous models, and aggregate versus individual models. 2. Success in applications like engineering depends on having a variety of modeling approaches available to formulate the right model for the problem. 3. The document provides examples of different types of models like continuous and stochastic models, discrete and deterministic models.

Uploaded by

surabhidivya
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 19

Dr.

Pratiksha Saxena

Numerical

simulation approach Level of Aggregation


Policies versus Decisions Aggregate versus Individuals Aggregate Dynamics versus Problem solving

Difficulty

of the formulation Nature of the system/problem Nature of the question Nature of preferred lenses

Advances in system development ultimately rely on wellconstructed predictive models


Applications:
traditional fields such as electrical and mechanical engineering newer domains such as information and bio-technologies

Using appropriate simulation software, we can derive solutions to difficult problems using such models

Success often depends on having a variety of modeling approaches available to formulate the right model for the particular issue at hand
Therefore, a broad familiarity with different types of models is desirable

1.
2.

Static or dynamic models


Stochastic, deterministic or chaotic models

3.
4.

Discrete or continuous change/models


Aggregates or Individuals

Dynamic:

State variables change over time

(System Dynamics, Discrete Event, AgentBased, Econometrics?)


Static:

Snapshot at a single point in time

(Monte Carlo simulation, optimization

models, etc.)

Deterministic

model is one whose behavior is entire predictable. The system is perfectly understood, then it is possible to predict precisely what will happen.
model is one whose behavior cannot be entirely predicted.

Stochastic

Chaotic

model is a deterministic model with a behavior that cannot be entirely predicted

Discrete

model: the state variables change only at a countable number of points in time. These points in time are the ones at which the event occurs/change in state. Continuous: the state variables change in a continuous way, and not abruptly from one state to another (infinite number of states).

Continuous

system models were the first widely employed models and are traditionally described by ordinary and partial differential equations.
models originated in such areas as physics and chemistry, electrical circuits, mechanics, and aeronautics. have been extended to many new areas such as bio-informatics, homeland security, and social systems. differential equation models remain an essential component in multiformalism compositions.

Such

They

Continuous

A host of formalisms have emerged in the last few decades that greatly increase our ability to express features of the real world and employ them in engineering systems. Such formalisms include Neural Networks, Fuzzy Logic Systems, Cellular Automata, Evolutionary and Genetic Algorithms, among others.
Hybrid models combine two or more formalisms, e.g., fuzzy logic control of continuous manufacturing process. Most often, applications will require such hybrids to address the problem domain of interest.

Principal Interest Observed Interest Rate Noise Average Interest Rate Estimated Interest Rate Simulated Principal Sim Interest

Noise Seed

Continuous and Stochastic

Continuous and Deterministic

Averaging time 0 Average Principal 0

Averaging time Average Principal

Simulated Principal 1 0 Sim Interest 1 0 Observed Interest Rate 0 <TIME STEP> <Time>

Simulated Principal 1 Sim Interest 1 Observed Interest Rate <TIME STEP> <Time>

<Average Interest Rate>

<Noise>

<Average Interest Rate>

Discrete and Deterministic

Discrete and stochastic

Aggregate

model: we look for a more distant position. Modeler is more distant. Policy model. This view tends to be more deterministic. Individual model: modeler is taking a closer look of the individual decisions. This view tends to be more stochastic.

2 approaches:

Time-slicing: move forward in our models in equal time intervals. Next-event technique: the model is only examined and updated when it is known that a state (or behavior) changes. Time moves from event to event.

The system contains a mixture of discrete events, discrete and different magnitudes, and continuous processes. Such mixed processes have generally been difficult to represent in continuous simulation models, and the common recourse has been a very high level of aggregation which has exposed the model to serious inaccuracy (Coyle, 1982)

Only from a more distant perspective in which events and decisions are deliberately blurred into patterns of behavior and policy structure will the notion that behavior is a consequence of feedback structure arise and be perceived to yield powerful insights. (Richardson, 1991)

1. DC-discrete whole numbers AC-mathematical quantities as an analog continuous rage of values. 2.DC-one operation at a time, store the result, then proceed to next operation. AC-all operations simulataneously 3. AC is faster than Dc at comparable cost 4.DC-program is written by set of equations and directions are given at each step of the computation AC-airthmetic units are interconnected in such a way that desired problem is programmed and solved on analog computer.

5.

Integration of variables directly evaluated by analog computers while Dc uses numerical approximation to solve it. 6. DC can be programmed to any degree of accuracy as they use floating point representation of nubers and can tolerate extremely wide range of variations.

1.

understand geology of place 2.physical appereance of reservoir and continuity of flow 3. objective of study Collect results in concrete terms-material balance study, water cut, reservoir pressure 4. data is gathered-water spread property called permeability, map of reservoir nad measurement of porosity 5.initial simulation run made to calculate oroginal water at the site- input

From

the expected growth pattern and seasonal fluctuations, curve of the projected demand Input-river inflow+rainfall Next simulation run to match the historical data for pressure, water cut, porosity, permeability This run takes maximum time(not constant) Seepage and evaporation losses Output by simulation run

You might also like