Fly Levelling

Survey project 2014 (S.
E) by TALHA SHAIKH
M.H. SABOO SIDDIK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Fly Levelling
By TALHA SHAIKH
DEFINITIONS
Level Surface: A level surface is a surface, all points of which are normal to the pull of gravity. I.e. a line at right angles to the string line on a freely suspended plumb bob. The open sea provides a good example of a level surface. Horizontal Surface: A horizontal surface is one which passes through a point at right angles to the pull of gravity at that point. Datum surface: The reference plane used in surveying is called a DATUM. In this country the main datum surface is the mean sea level at Newllyn in Cornwall and heights above this plane are referred to as being ABOVE ORDNANCE DATUM (AOD). Height: The height of a point can be regarded as the distance measured vertically to that point from a level reference plane or surface. Reduced level: The reduced level of a point is its height above a reference plane
Flying Levelling Practice

Flying levelling is used when the reduced level of a point is to be found from another point of known reduced level. Used to determine a TBM from a OBM or MBM Consists of a series of BS and FS only Should always close the survey back onto the starting point or another OBM BS is BACK SIGHT and is the initial staff reading with the staff on a KNOWN LEVEL (e.g. OBM or change point) FS is FORE SIGHT and is the staff reading with the staff on a point whose levels you wish to determine.
First staff position

NOTE:
Levelling Staff
2 2
Position of staff is important.

2 1
Line of Sight 2.195
(2.195) View through eye piece
Position of instrument is only for convenience
21.000m
B
This first staff reading onto a known level is termed the BACKSIGHT (BS) reading
Calculations
The line of sight is termed the HORIZONTAL PLANE OF COLLIMATION (HPC). Hence HPC = Known reduced level + BS
The plane of reference has now been established (HPC) i.e. HPC = 21.000 + 2.195 HPC = 23.195 The next reading of the staff can be referred to this The staff is next placed at the point whose reduced level is desired (B) and the telescope of the level is rotated to target the new staff position, care being taken not to alter the adjustment of the instrument (i.e. dont knock it).
Next staff position

3 2 3 1
Levelling Staff View through eye piece (3.195)
(23.195) Line of Sight
3.195
This staff reading onto the point whose desired level is required is termed the FORESIGHT reading (FS).
Calculations
The new staff reading is taken, 3.195m (say). This indicates that point B is 3.195m below the level of the line of sight or HPC, which was calculated to be 23.195m. The reduced level of point B is therefore: 23.195m 3.195m = 20.000
Hence
Reduced Level = HPC - FS
NOTE: Intermediate sights are treated the same way as FS except for being booked in the IS column
Booking the Readings

BS IS FS HPC RL
DISTANCE
COMMENTS
KNOWN REDUCED LEVEL AT PONT A
2.195
23.195
21.000
3.195
20.000
READING AT POINT B Calculate reduced level at B
Always start with comments on staff position

BS IS FS HPC RL
DISTANCE
COMMENTS
21.000
Staff at Point A
Add staff reading in BS column and in row referring to point A

BS IS FS HPC RL
DISTANCE
COMMENTS
2.195
21.000
Staff at Point A
Calculate the HPC

BS IS FS HPC RL
DISTANCE
COMMENTS
2.195
23.195
21.000
Staff at Point A
Move staff to B and add comments

BS IS FS HPC RL
DISTANCE
COMMENTS
2.195
23.195
21.000
Staff at Point A Staff at Point B
Enter reading at B in FS column and row corresponding to B

BS IS FS HPC RL
DISTANCE
COMMENTS
2.195
23.195
21.000
3.195
Calculate the RL at B
BS IS FS HPC RL
DISTANCE
COMMENTS
2.195
23.195
21.000
3.195
20.000
Continuing with the Flying levels

Having ascertained the level at B we can proceed to move the instrument forward using the recently discovered level at B as our known point. i.e. B now becomes the BS point So at B we take both a FS and a BS reading. Point B is a change point (Use change plate or at least a solid point to rest staff on) Note that this means when the instrument is moved the staff stays stationary And when the staff is move the instrument stays stationary. MOVE ONE or the OTHER NOT BOTH TOGETHER
Always use the correct row

BS IS FS HPC RL
DISTANCE
COMMENTS
2.195
23.195
3.195
21.000
20.000
Staff at Point A
Staff at Point B
3.155
Levelling Staff
Line of Sight
3.155
B
20.000m
And Calculate HPC

BS IS FS HPC RL
DISTANCE
COMMENTS
2.195
23.195 3.195
21.000 20.000
3.155
23.155
The HPC now reflects the line of sight in the latest instrument position Levelling now proceed by repeating previous actions i.e. Move staff, take FS, calculate RL,
Move instrument, Take BS, Calculate HPC

etc
Finding the Target

Most telescopes have a targeting system along the top of the barrel (similar to a rifle target finder). The telescope should be aimed at the staff using this targeting system prior to trying to find the staff through the eyepiece.
Staff Staff
Target finder (Look at this and beyond towards staff)

Eye-piece
MOVE TELESCOPE UNTIL TRIANGLE APPEARS OVER STAFF
Telescope
Target finder (In line with staff) Eye-piece
Telescope
LEVELLING SOFFITS Inverted staff readings

An inverted staff reading can be used to determine the reduced level of a point above the line of sight of the instrument such as a ceiling, underside of a bridge, balcony etc. As the name suggests, the staff is simply turned upside down, the bottom placed against the point that the level is required, and then read. An important difference between inverted staff readings and other types is that they are treated as negative quantities, both in the booking of the readings and the reduction of the levels.
Inverted staff example

backsight foresight 0.174 2.111 0.738 A = 33.550
BACK SIGHT
1.603 3.890
1.440 1.505
2.192
D B
FORE SIGHT
C
H.P.C. REDUCED LEVEL
E
COMMENTS
INTERMEDIATE
0.174 0.738 -[1.603] 1.505 2.111 -[3.890] 1.440
33.724 32.351 34.638 34.703
33.550 31.613 36.241 33.198
OBM (=33.550) point A Point B - c.p. Point C - Bridge Soffit Inverted staff - c.p. Point D - c.p.
-[2.192]
BS 0.814 BS - FS 3.345 FS -2.531
36.895
Point E - Balcony Inverted staff
Last First 3.345 Check sums: arithmetic OK
INTERMEDIATE STAFF READINGS

Intermediate staff readings are those staff readings taken after a backsight is read and before a foresight. Each reading in turn is subtracted from the collimation level (HPC) to deduce the reduced level of the point The problem with intermediate sights is that the arithmetic check will only relate to the back sight and the fore-sight Hence any arithmetic error could go unnoticed Systematic errors due to mal-adjustment of the instrument cannot be eliminated as in flying levelling where the equal foresight distance and back sight distance compensated for the mal-adjustment errors Instrumental errors of this nature can be eliminated by the use of a REVERSIBLE LEVEL.
INTERMEDIATE STAFF READINGS -2

backsight
Intermediate sights 0.738 2.111 1.843 1.440 1.603 0.174 F A = 20.450
D B
C E
BS 0.738
IS
FS
H.P.C. 21.188
RL 20.450 19.077 19.345
COMMENTS OBM (=20.450) point A Point B Point C
2.111 1.843
1.440
1.603 0.174 BS 0.738 BS - FS 0.564 FS 0.174
19.748
19.585 21.014 Last First 0.564
Point C
Point E Point F (last reading)
Check sums: arithmetic OK

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Survey project 2014 (S.

M.H. SABOO SIDDIK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Flying Levelling Practice

First staff position

Position of staff is important.

Line of Sight 2.195

(2.195) View through eye piece

Position of instrument is only for convenience

Next staff position

Levelling Staff View through eye piece (3.195)

(23.195) Line of Sight

Reduced Level = HPC - FS

Booking the Readings

READING AT POINT B Calculate reduced level at B

Always start with comments on staff position

Add staff reading in BS column and in row referring to point A

Calculate the HPC

Move staff to B and add comments

Staff at Point A Staff at Point B

Enter reading at B in FS column and row corresponding to B

Staff at Point A Staff at Point B

Staff at Point A Staff at Point B

Continuing with the Flying levels

Always use the correct row

And Calculate HPC

Staff at Point A Staff at Point B

Move instrument, Take BS, Calculate HPC

Finding the Target

Target finder (Look at this and beyond towards staff)

Target finder (In line with staff) Eye-piece

LEVELLING SOFFITS Inverted staff readings

Inverted staff example

0.174 0.738 -[1.603] 1.505 2.111 -[3.890] 1.440

33.724 32.351 34.638 34.703

33.550 31.613 36.241 33.198

Point E - Balcony Inverted staff

Last First 3.345 Check sums: arithmetic OK

INTERMEDIATE STAFF READINGS

INTERMEDIATE STAFF READINGS -2

RL 20.450 19.077 19.345

COMMENTS OBM (=20.450) point A Point B Point C

Check sums: arithmetic OK

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