Ad-hoc Networks

Saad Shahid BS Telecommunications 5th Semester BZU Multan

Systems
http://www.123ppt.com

 Introduction History Mobile Ad-hoc Networks

Infrastructure based Networks and Infrastructure-less Networks. Mobile Ad-hoc Network Routing Protocols Setting up a si ple Mobile Ad-hoc Network Pros and !ons.

"ireless Ad-hoc Sensor Networks

!lassification# types# network structure# basic re$uire ents.

%ifference between !ellular and Ad-hoc Networks &uture Research %irections !onclusions

Contents
http://www.123ppt.com

Ad Hoc Networks The Need of TIME.

Today the networks normally developed are of the type having some fixed infrastructure. What would be the solution if the network is required to be made for some short period of time

http://www.123ppt.com

 An Ad-hoc network is a local area network or so e other s all network# especially one with wireless 'or te porary plug in connections(# in which so e of the network de)ices are the part of the network only for the duration of a co unications session. Allows new network de)ices to be $uickly added. *ach user has a uni$ue network address that is recogni+ed as the part of the network.

Introduction
http://www.123ppt.com

 Nodes or de)ices can ,oin together to ake up a si ple ad-hoc network. *)ery de)ice owes an e$ual status or designation in the network.

A Simple Ad Hoc Network !ample

http://www.123ppt.com

 -ne organi+ation# for e.a ple arranges a conference# and the attendees use their laptops or notebook co puters to connect to the nearby co puters and the Internet through the wireless router.

A Comparison !ample
http://www.123ppt.com

 A better solution to this kind of network will be an ad-hoc network in which the wireless router is replaced by a wireless co puter that can well act as a wireless router. /he co puters co unicate directly with each other.

A Comparison !ample

cont"d#
http://www.123ppt.com

 -n the basis of infrastructure we can classify the Ad-hoc networks into two ain categories. /hey are 0. Infrastructure-based networks.
A network with pre-constructed infrastructure that is ade of fi.ed network nodes and gateways# with typically network ser)ices deli)ered )ia these preconfigured infrastructures. &or e.a ple# cellular networks are infrastructure-based networks built fro PS/N backbone switches# MS!s# base stations# and obile hosts. *ach node has its strict specific responsibility in the network. "1ANs typically also fall into this category.

Mo$ile Ad%hoc Networks

http://www.123ppt.com

2. Infrastructure-less networks
In this case a network is for ed dyna ically through the cooperation of an arbitrary set of independent nodes. &or e.a ple# two P!s e$uipped with wireless adapter cards can set up an independent network whene)er they are within range of one another. In obile ad hoc networks# nodes are e.pected to beha)e as routers and take part in disco)ery and aintenance of routes to other nodes. Network is decentrali+ed where the topology disco)ering and the essage deli)ering ust be e.ecuted by the nodes the sel)es.

Mo$ile Ad%hoc Networks

http://www.123ppt.com

 Ad-hoc Networks re$uire efficient routing protocols because deter ining successful routing paths and deli)ering essages in a decentrali+ed en)iron ent where network topology fluctuates is not a well defined proble . An opti al route at a certain ti e ay not work seconds later. %iscussed below are three categories that e.isting ad-hoc network routing protocols fall into3
/able %ri)en Protocols -n %e and Protocols Hybrid Protocols

Mo$ile Ad%hoc Networks &MAN Ts' (outin) *rotocols

http://www.123ppt.com

Ad-hoc !obile "outing #rotocols

Table $riven #rotocols

%n $emand #rotocols

&ybrid #rotocols $'$() W"#) 'TA" +"# A*") $'") A%$() T%"A

Mo$ile Ad%hoc Networks &MAN Ts' (outin) *rotocols

http://www.123ppt.com

 /able %ri)en Routing Protocol

Send periodic updates of the routes. *ach node uses routing infor ation to store the location infor ation of other nodes in the network and this infor ation is then used to o)e data a ong different nodes in the network. Ha)e lower latency since routes are aintained at all ti es

-n %e and Routing Protocols

*stablish routes only when re$uired to route data packets. Route disco)ery process Ha)e longer trans ission delays.

Mo$ile Ad%hoc Networks &MAN Ts' (outin) *rotocols

http://www.123ppt.com

 Hybrid Routing Protocols

!o bine /able 4ased Routing Protocols with -n %e and Routing Protocols. /hey use distance-)ectors to establish the opti u routes# and report routing infor ation only when there is a change in the topology of the network. *ach node in the network has its own routing +one# the si+e of which is defined by a +one radius# defined by a etric such as the nu ber of nodes. *ach node keeps a record of routing infor ation for its own +one.

Mo$ile Ad%hoc Networks &MAN Ts' (outin) *rotocols

http://www.123ppt.com

+ata (outin)
http://www.123ppt.com

+ata (outin)
http://www.123ppt.com

(oute +isco,ery in Mo$ile Ad%hoc Networks

http://www.123ppt.com

(oute +isco,ery in Mo$ile Ad%hoc Networks

http://www.123ppt.com

An Interestin) Scenario
http://www.123ppt.com

Cont"d#
http://www.123ppt.com

Cont"d#
http://www.123ppt.com

Cont"d#
http://www.123ppt.com

Cont"d#
http://www.123ppt.com

No e.pensi)e infrastructure ust be installed 5se of unlicensed fre$uency spectru 6uick distribution of infor ation around sender 5se of ad-hoc networks can increase obility and fle.ibility# as ad-hoc networks can be brought up and torn down in a )ery short ti e. Ad-hoc networks can be ore econo ical in so e cases# as they eli inate fi.ed infrastructure costs and reduce power consu ption at obile nodes. 4ecause of ulti-hop support in ad-hoc networks# co unication beyond the 1ine of Sight '1-S( is possible at high fre$uencies.

-ey Bene.its o. Mo$ile Ad%hoc Networks

http://www.123ppt.com

 Multi-hop ad-hoc networks can reduce the power consu ption of wireless de)ices. More trans ission power is re$uired for sending a signal o)er any distance in one long hop than in ultiple shorter hops. It can easily be pro)ed that the gain in trans ission power consu ption is proportional to the nu ber of hops ade. 4ecause of short co unication links ' ulti-hop node-tonode co unication instead of long-distance node to central base station co unication(# radio e ission le)els can be kept low. /his reduces interference le)els# increases spectru reuse efficiency# and akes it possible to use unlicensed unregulated fre$uency bands.

-ey Bene.its o. Mo$ile Ad%hoc Networks

http://www.123ppt.com

/hey are Infrastructure-less %yna ically !hanging Network /opologies Network Security Physical 1ayer 1i itation 1i ited 1ink 4andwidth and 6uality 7ariation in 1ink and Node !apabilities 6uality of Ser)ice Network Scalability Network Manage ent and Reliability *nergy !onstrained -peration

Mo$ile Ad%hoc +esi)n Issues and Constraints

http://www.123ppt.com

 A wireless ad hoc sensor network consists of a nu ber of sensors spread across a geographical area. *ach sensor has wireless co unication capability and so e le)el of intelligence for signal processing and networking of the data.

/ireless Ad%hoc Sensor Networks

http://www.123ppt.com

 Military sensor networks to detect and gain as uch infor ation as possible about ene y o)e ents# and other pheno ena of interest. In a ilitary sensor network# track an ene y tank as it o)es through the geographic area co)ered by the network. Also the ilitary sensor networks designed to aintain a low probability of intercept and8or a low probability of detection. Hence the nodes prefer to radiate as little power as necessary and trans it as infre$uently as possible# thus decreasing the probability of detection and interception. Sensor networks to detect and characteri+e !he ical# 4iological# Radiological# Nuclear# and *.plosi)e aterial.

!amples o. /ireless Ad%hoc Sensor Networks

http://www.123ppt.com

 Indi)idually addressable nodes. 9roup or i.ed addressable nodes.

Classi.ication o. /ireless Sensor Networks

http://www.123ppt.com

 Network self-organi+ation3 &or large nu ber of nodes and their potential place ent in hostile locations# it is essential that the network be able to self-organi+ed# anual configuration is not feasible. Moreo)er# nodes ay fail 'either fro lack of energy or fro physical destruction(# and new nodes ay ,oin the network. /herefore# the network ust be able to periodically reconfigure itself so that it can continue to function. Indi)idual nodes ay beco e disconnected fro the rest of the network# but a high degree of connecti)ity ust be aintained. 1arge nu ber of ' ostly stationary( sensors3 Re$uired for the collection of infor ation fro different regions

Basic (e0uirements o. Ad%hoc Sensor Networks

http://www.123ppt.com

 !ollaborati)e signal processing3 :et another factor that distinguishes these networks fro MAN*/s is that the end goal is detection8esti ation of so e e)ents of interest# and not ,ust co unications. 6uerying ability3 A user ay want to $uery an indi)idual node or a group of nodes for infor ation collected in the region. 7arious local nodes will collect the data fro a gi)en area and create su ary essages. 1ow energy use3 Since in any applications the sensor nodes will be placed in a re ote area# ser)ice of a node ay not be possible. In this case# the lifeti e of a node ay be deter ined by the battery life# thereby re$uiring the ini i+ation of energy e.penditure.

Basic (e0uirements o. Ad%hoc Sensor Networks

http://www.123ppt.com

Acoustic used as the sound sensors. Seis ic for the prediction of earth $uake. Infrared for short range co unication. Still8Motion )ideo ca era.

Ad%hoc Network Sensor Types

http://www.123ppt.com

,ellular Networks
Fixed, pre-located cell sites and ase stations. $tatic ack one network topolo%" 'elati!el" fa!ora le en!iron#ent and sta le connecti!it".

Ad-hoc Networks
No fixed ase stations, !er" rapid deplo"#ent. Hi%hl" d"na#ic network topolo%ies, with #&lti-hop. Hostile en!iron#ent (losses, noise) and irre%&lar connecti!it".

*etailed plannin% efore ase stations Ad-hoc network a&to#aticall" for#s can e installed. and confor#s to chan%e.

+i..erence $etween Cellular and Ad%hoc Networks

http://www.123ppt.com

Routing Protocol -pti i+ation 6oS Support Si ulation Security Standardi+ation and Interoperability

1uture (esearch +irections

http://www.123ppt.com

 Ad hoc networking will play an i portant role in this e)olution. Its intrinsic fle.ibility# ease of aintenance# lack of needed infrastructure# auto configuration# selfad inistration capabilities# and significant cost ad)antages ake it a pri e candidate for beco ing the stalwart technology for personal per)asi)e co unication In o)ing forward and successfully fulfilling this opportunity# de)eloping and sea lessly integrating MAN*/ with other wireless networks and fi.ed internet infrastructures# the successful addressing of any of the open research and de)elop ent issues will play a critical role

Conclusions
http://www.123ppt.com

Thanks for Your Concentration. An" fro# "o&r side is welco#ed+

http://www.123ppt.com

 &eedback ;

saad<shahid;li)e.co saadshahid;rocket ail.co few o entsforsaadi;g ail.co

http://www.123ppt.com