Chapter 7 vN.2

Communication Using a Network
Chapter 7
Chapter Objectives
State and explain the different components of a network Explain and install Network Interface Card Describe the basic principles of data communication Explain the use of MAC address Explain the concepts of a direct cable connection Identify and troubleshoot problems of NIC
Chapter 7
Recall
Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) provides high-performance and connects multiple stations at the data transfer rate of 100 Mbps. The two types of logical topologies are:

Token ring logical topology Token bus logical topology
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is a network protocol which converts data traffic into a stream of fixed size cell before transmission. The basic network components of AppleTalk are: Sockets, Nodes, Network and Zones.
Chapter 7
Data Communication
Transmission of information between two computers or nodes

Basic Components
Sender
Receiver
Medium
Message
Protocol
Chapter 7
Signaling Techniques I
Two types of Signaling techniques:

Baseband Broadband Uses single frequency to transmit data Transmit information in digital form
Baseband Signals:
Chapter 7
Signaling Techniques II
Broadband Signals:

Data is transmitted using more than one frequency Uses analog signals Adds additional information to carrier signals by process of modulation
Chapter 7
Network Interface Card (NIC)
Hardware device used to connect different computers on Network Serves as a link for sending and receiving data on a network MAC address is address assigned by IEEE to identify network card
NIC Types
Ethernet Card
Token Ring Card
Chapter 7
Ethernet Card
Used in devices which are connected using Ethernet technology Two types of Ethernet network card Wired and wireless The choice depends on type of network used
Chapter 7
Types of Ethernet Card - I
10Base-5 (Thicknet) NIC
10Base-2
Chapter 7
Types of Ethernet card - II
10BaseT
Fiber optic
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Token Ring Card

Used to connect to a token ring network Assigned a MAC address by IEEE Maximum of two token ring cards can be installed at any node Consists of 9 pin DIN type connector which connects card to network cable
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Physical Connections
Physical Connections
NIC either connected on a PCI or PCI-X slot NIC cards can be connected to an USB port or can have a PC card connection
BNC connector ST-fiber optic connector RJ-45 connector
Depends on one of the cable connectors:

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Lights on NIC and hub
Different LEDs on NIC:
Link LED ACT LED Speed LED Collision LED

Power LED Port LED
LEDs on Hub:

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MAC Address
Also known as hardware or physical address Used to identify nodes at lower levels of the OSI model ID assigned by IEEE Hardware address hard-coded into NIC Nodes on network identified by MAC address Is a 12 digit hexadecimal number (48 bit address)
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MAC vs IP address
MAC address Functions at data link layer It is a physical address It is fixed IP address Functions at network layer It is a logical address It changes with the relocation of device from one network to another It is a 32 bit address
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It is a 48 bit address
Chapter 7
Installing the NIC
Different factors while choosing NIC:
Bus type (Expansion slot) Speed Connection type (cabling)

Pentium I/233MHz 32 MB RAM 2 GB of available hard disk
Hardware Requirements:

Chapter 7
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Direct Cable Connection

One device acts as a host and other acts as a guest Can also use infrared connection, if both nodes have required hardware All the latest versions of windows provide a software which allows a user to have a direct serial-to-serial, parallel-to-parallel, or infrared-to-infrared connection with the other PC. To establish a connection using serial ports, a cable known as null modem is use
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Diagnostic and Repair of Physical Cabling using tools

Tools can be used to identify the problems and also troubleshoot these problems Various tools available for checking network are: Volt-ohm meters (VOMs) Cable-testing tool used to measure parameters

Analog Digital
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Tone generators and probe I
Tone generator is a network troubleshooting tool Consists of single or multi-tone signal, two test leads and a 4-conductor modular cable Acts like a radio transmitter Probe:

Works like a radio receiver Catches a tone when placed near wire
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Optical tester
Fiber optic NICs mostly do not have any lights so making the diagnosis of the problem becomes little difficult Optical tester is used to inspect the quality of the connections
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Case Study
The Bangalore branch of MoneyMaker bank is organizing a seminar on the various developments that have occurred in the past one year. David has created a presentation for this purpose which is stored on the network server. This file can be accessed only through David's system. But on the day of seminar, he is unable to access the system.
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Problem
Unable to access the file which is available on network server
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Solution
Verify cable connection Verify LED status of NIC Verify LED status of hub The LED on NIC should be ON, once you boot the operating system
Chapter 7
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Summary I
The main components of data communication are sender, receiver, medium and message The data to be sent is converted into signals and then transmitted over the network Signaling techniques are of two types broadband and baseband Baseband signals transmit data at a single frequency Broadband technique can transmit data using more than one frequency
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Chapter 7
Summary II
Network Interface Cards are devices that are used to get connected to different computers on a network Some examples of NIC are Ethernet Card and Token Ring Card Ethernet cards support transfer rate of 10 or 100 or 1000 Mbps MAC address is a hardware address that is embedded onto the NIC Lower layers of OSI model identify nodes on the network by their MAC address
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Summary III
A connection established between two nodes by directly connecting a cable is known as direct cable connection. Signals lying on the cable are absorbed by the terminators at the end of the cable to avoid collision. Cross over cables can be used for temporary connection between two devices when switch or hub is not present. Volt-ohm meters is a cable-testing tool which is used to troubleshoot the network cabling.
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Chapter 7
Summary IV
Volt-ohm meter is used to measures voltage and resistance and to check the continuity of a cable. Tone generator and probe is another troubleshooting tool which has the ability to identify wires, finding open circuits and short circuits, diagnosing crosstalk and other telecom tasks
Chapter 7
27

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Communication Using a Network

Token ring logical topology Token bus logical topology

Transmission of information between two computers or nodes

Two types of Signaling techniques:

Network Interface Card (NIC)

Token Ring Card

Types of Ethernet Card - I

10Base-5 (Thicknet) NIC

Types of Ethernet card - II

Token Ring Card

Depends on one of the cable connectors:

Lights on NIC and hub

Different LEDs on NIC:

Link LED ACT LED Speed LED Collision LED

Installing the NIC

Different factors while choosing NIC:

Bus type (Expansion slot) Speed Connection type (cabling)

Direct Cable Connection

Diagnostic and Repair of Physical Cabling using tools

Tone generators and probe I

Unable to access the file which is available on network server

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