First Chapter

Plant Cells

one Form and Structure of Plant Cells Definition

The structural and functional unit of a tissue ,

and consequently of the plant body itself , is known

as a cell . Some species or kind of plants consist of

single cell , but large type are make up of

uncountable millions , or even billions , of these structural units.

Chlamydomonas

Nostoc commune Vauch

1.Shape and Size of Plant Cells It has various shapes and sizes.

Cell , which distribute in differ part of frond and perform differ function , has differ form and size . plant cell , commonly 10100m(diameter)

least cell , as if bacterial diameter only 0.2m

Big cell , like cell of

storage parenchyma
1mm

Fiber cell of flax 4cm long Fiber of ramee 55cm

long

2.Basic Structure and Function of Plant cells Definition

Microscopic structure: there can be seen the cell

structure with microscope, called microscopic structure.

Submicroscopic structure: there can be seen the cell

structure with electron microscope , termed submicroscopic structure.

Microscopic structure

1. nuclear membrane

2. nucleolus
3.chromosome 4. Cell wall 5. plasmalemma

6. vacuole

membrane
7. vacuole 8. Chloroplast 9.Mitochondria 10.microtuble 11. Endoplasmic

reticulum

submicroscopic 1.Cell wall 2.nuclear membrane structure 3.nucleochylema 4.nucleolus 5.plasmalemma 6.Cytoplasm 7.vacuole membrane 8.chloroplast 9.vacuole

12.Ribosome
13.14.microbody15. golgi body

cell wall

constitute

protoplast

ergastic substance

Intercellular Layer It is thin layers owned in common between cell wall and cell wall . Primary Wall: By cellulose , hemicellulose and pectin material that protoplasm secrete, increase in interior side of intercellular layer. Secondary Wall: After the cell wall stops growing, are accumulating some materials coming into being in the interior of the primary wall on each gradually, make the cell wall increase and take shape on concentric storey thick.

. pit

simple pit bordered pit half bordered pit

.plasmodesmata

Pit The secondary wall does not increase thick evenly , leave some and has not increased the thick part in a lot of places during the process of thickenning, called the pit.

.Simple pit .bordered pit .half boredered pit

1.tangent plane view 2.exterior view

Bordered pit of pines stem and Radix et Rhizoma Rhei

.plasmodesmata
There are a lot of very thin protoplasm silks that cross and come into being the very small hole on the primary wall and get in touch each other among the cells, this kind of protoplasm silk is called plasmodesmata.
Plasmodesmata of Persimmon core

. Specification of Cell Walls

lignification suberization cutinization mucilagization mineralization

1.lignification: The cell wall has increased more lignin while adding and growing. Distinguish: it was stained Red when adding meta benzene and three phenol + dense hydrochloric acid is. Example: vessel , wood fiber , stone cell.

2. suberization: Have increased the fat phellem in the cell wall.

Distinguish :it was dyed Red when adding

Sudan test solution(TS) is.

Example: Brown outer bark trunk outside.

3. cutinizationFat cutin except not being pack the cell wall , form a layer of cuticles outside epidermis of stem often.

Distinguish :it was dyed when adding

Sudan test solution is orange.

Example: The seed of the castor-oil plant ,

stem peel of the sugarcane.

4.mucilagization: Cellulose and such

composition as the pectin ,etc. in the cell

wall change but forms the mucus .

Distinguish :it was stained Red when adding Red reagent of ruthenium . Example: In the epidermis cells of plantain , linseed.

5. mineralization: Contain the silicon or the calcium ,etc. in the cell wall.

Distinguish :The silicon can be dissolved

in the hydrogen fluoride(HF), but does not

dissolve in the acetic acid or denser

sulphuric acid .

Example:Gramineous Stem and leaf

cytoplasm
protoplast nucleus

nuclear membrance
nuclear sap nucleolus chromatin chloroplast leucoplast chromoplast

plastids Organelle vacuoles

There are all life matter in the cell, called protoplast .

Chloroplast:green little grains(leaf) leucoplast:achromatous and global grains (immature organ ) Chromoplast:anomalous red,yellow,and orange grains(flower,fruit,seed) Three kinds of plastid can convert mutually. Vacuoles:there are many little vacuoles in the delicate cell , but in mature ones there is only one big vacuole can be seen which occupied most part of the cell.

Mutually converting of plastic

 Ergastic

Substance

The vegetable cell in the life process, produces various non- life matter as a result of the metabolism activity, called Ergastic Substance.

.starch grain: hilum , annular striation

lamellae reserve starch: simple starch grain compound starch grain half compound starch grain

1.2.3.4.simple starch grain

(1.lambdoidal hilum 2.short gap) 5.compound starch grain

 .Inulins

Fan-shaped and yellow

.Proteins(aleurone grain) Those are composed together by protein crystal , spherical albuminous body and amorphous stuffed gelatin. Add one drop iodine-potassium iodide TS , the protein turns yellow.

.Fats and Fatty Oils Add several drops of Sudan TS() oil droplet contained in the cell stained red.

 .Crystals

calcium oxalate crystal

solitary crystal : square-shaped, diamond, rectangle or double-conical octahedrons

acicular crystal : scattered or needle-like cluster

cluster crystal: asteroid or clusters

crystal sand: irregular, polyhedrons

columnar crystal : long is cylindrical, the length approximately is above diameter 4 times

calcium carbonate crystal

(cystolith): like a string of grape [locate in Moraceae or Acanthaceae ]

Calcium carbonate crystal cysyolith tangent plane view in fig leaf exterior view

Besides , physiological active substance

like enzyme , vitamin , auxin , antibiotic ,

tanninsetc.

Two Division of Plant cells

Cell division is necessary and play important role for embryo to little frond to mature frond( possessing root , stem and leaf , flower , fruit , seed).

Three

types:()mitosis ()amitosis ()meiosis

 mitosis
interphase

: the cytoplasm is denser ,

the nucleus is big , nuclear menbrane with the nuclear sap can be seen clearly.

 prophase

There inside the nucleus emerge condensed granulose chromatin and then gradually become the clubbed chromosome.

metaphase: the nuclear membrane , the nuclear sap disappear , the chromosome and the spindle fibers connect with each other , and arrange in the surface of the equator.

anaphase: the centromere detaching ,each pair of chromatids set apart from the equatorial plate to move to the two poles, thereby to compose the independent daughter chromosome respectively.

telophase : the two daughter chromosomes arrive at the two poles , chromosome gradually fall into slender , emerging of the nuclear membrane with nuclear sap again . Meanwhile , divide into two cells in the two poles.

Mitosis
1.Interphase 2-4.prophase 5.metaphase 6-7.anaphase 8.telophase 9.two daughter cells

 amitosis

Direct nuclear division and it is most simple and common type of division . (in lower plant)

meiosis
one especial mitosis , as a result , divide into four cells in process of sexual reproductive.

Review Questions

.Definition Pit , plasmodesmata , protoplast , ergastic substance .simple answer 1.How about the composing of the cell wall? 2.what are included in cell wall characteristics? 3.which types has crystal?