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From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Tami Port, MS Creator of Science Prof Online Chief Executive Nerd Science Prof Online Online Education Resources, LLC [email protected]
Image: Compound microscope objectives, T. Port

Eukaryotic Cell Structure & Function

Images: Animal cell & Plant cell, M. Ruiz

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Q: What are the two basic types of cells?

________________
Single-celled. Reproduce by binary fission (another copy by dividing). No cell nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelles. DNA travels openly around the cell. All bacteria are prokaryotes. Eu = true; karyon = nucleus Most organisms that we can see, such as trees, grass, worms, flies, mice, humans, mushrooms and yeast are eukaryotes. Can either be single-celled or multi-celled. Can reproduce in one of several ways (Ex. meiosis, mitosis). Have cell nucleus within containing its DNA. Nucleus most evident distinction between these cell types.
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

________________

Images: Prokaryotic Cell, Eukaryotic cell , M. Ruiz

Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Image: Phylogenetic Tree, Eric Gaba, NASA Astrobiology Institute.

Eukaryotic __________
Like prokaryotes, and all living things, genome is made of DNA. May include several to many linear chromosomes within a membrane-bound nucleus. Q: How many chromosomes do we have?

Replication (duplication of DNA prior to cell division) occurs in all living things.
Two locations of eukaryotic DNA
Nuclear DNA Extranuclear DNA

Image: Spectral karyotype, Jane Ades, NHGRI

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.co

CYTOPLASM
Nickname: The Matrix Function: "molecular chowder" in which the organelles are suspended.
Inside the plasma membrane, the nucleus is surrounded by cytoplasm.

A water-like substance that fills cells.

Consists of _________ and __________ ________, except for the cell nucleus. Cytosol is made up of water, salts, organic molecules and many enzymes that catalyze reactions.

Q: Eukaryotes? Prokaryotes? Both?

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Image: Eukaryotic Cell Diagram, M. Ruiz

CYTOSKELETON
Nickname: Scaffolding & Highways

Functions: Multiple
Maintains cell _________. Protects the cell.

Enables some cell ________ (using

structures such as flagella and cilia).

Plays important roles in intra-cellular transport (the movement of vesicles and

organelles).

Plays important role in cellular ___________.

Q: Eukaryotes? Prokaryotes? Both?

Images: Fluoresced Eukaryotic Cell, NIH.

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Network of protein fibers running throughout the cytoplasm that give a cell its shape & provide a basis for movement.

1. Micro__________

Two intertwined strands of actin protein.

2. ____________ Filaments 3. Micro____________

CYTOSKELETON: Microfilaments, Intermediate Filaments & Microtubules

Fibrous proteins supercoiled into thick cables. Hollow tubes of tubulin Cell shape, cell movement, chromosome movement during division Highways along which the organelles travel and are conveyed. Microtubules may work alone, or join with other proteins to form more complex structures called cilia, flagella or centrioles.

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Image: Source Unknown

CYTOSKELETON: Centrioles & Centrosomes

The ____________, also called the "microtubule organizing center", is an area in the cell where microtubles are produced. Within the cells of animals are a pair of ___________, made of nine sets of triplet microtubules.

Microtubules > Centriole > Centrosome

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Images: Centriole Cross-section & Centriole-3D, Twooars; Micrograph of Centrioles, Christos Chinopoulos

_______

&

__________

External appendages from cell membrane. Aid in locomotion of the cell or movement of materials near cell. Motility > coordinated sliding movements of microtubules. Both Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes can have external appendages, but are constructed differently. Eukaryotes may have flagella or cilia (components of cytoskeleton covered with plasma membrane). Prokaryotes may have flagella, endoflagella, fimbiae or pili (composed of protenaceous molecules and not covered with plasma membrane).

Images: Cilia of the lung trachea epithilium, Charles Daghlian, Cilum Diagram & Flagellum Diagram, M. Ruiz; Sperm & Egg, Wiki

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Ribosomes

Click here for animation of ribosome building a protein.

Q: What do they do? Q: What are they made of? Can be found alone in the cytoplasm, in groups called polyribosomes, or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. Q: Eukaryotes? Prokaryotes?

Both?

Images: Ribosome translating protein, animation,

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Xvazquez; Ribosome Structure, Vossman

Membrane-bound Organelles
Eukaryotic cells have many organelles. Prokaryotes only have ribosomes, which are not bound by a membrane. Membrane-bound eukaryotic organelles organize functions within the cell.

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Image: Eukaryotic Cell Diagram, M. Ruiz

System of internal membranes within eukaryotic cells that divide the cell into compartments, or organelles. Transport system, for moving molecules through interior of cell, as well as interactive surfaces for lipid and protein synthesis. Membranes of the endomembrane system are made of a lipid bilayer, with proteins.

The Endomembrane System consists of:

1. ________
2. __________ ________ 3. ______ _______ 4. __________ 5. __________ 6. _________ ___________

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Image: Endomembrane system diagram, M. Ruiz

ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM ORGANELLES:

Nucleus

Nickname: Control Center Function: Separates the genetic material (DNA) from the rest of the cell. DNA, the genetic material, is a blueprint, or code for making proteins. _________ _________ is the double membrane structure that separates nucleus from cytoplasm.

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Images: Endomembrane system diagram,& Nucleus diagram, M. Ruiz

ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM ORGANELLES:

Endoplasmic Reticulum
Nickname: Production Factory
(makes proteins and lipids)

Function: Internal production & delivery system of the cell.

System of membranous channels and vesicles.

________ is studded with

ribosomes. Site of protein synthesis and processing.

________ lacks ribosomes.

Site of synthesis of phospholipids and packaging of proteins into vesicles.

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Images: Endomembrane system diagram, M. Ruiz, ER photomicrograph, Louisa Howard.

Nickname: Assembly Factory

ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM ORGANELLES : _________ ___________

Functions: Takes simple molecules and puts them together into more complex macromolecules. Packages, modifies, and transports materials to different location inside/outside of the cell.

Appearance: Stack of pancakes.

Consists of a stack of curved saccules. Receives protein and also lipid-filled vesicles from the ER, packages, processes, and distributes them within the cell or for export out of the cell (secretion). Also encloses digestive enzymes into membranes to form lysosomes.

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Images: Endomembrane system diagram, M. Ruiz, Golgi apparatus photomicrograph, Louisa Howard.

ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM ORGANELLES: _____________

Nickname: The Trucks

Function: Store, transport, or digest cellular products and waste.

Small compartments separated from the cytosol by at least one lipid bilayer. Made in Golgi apparatus, ER, or from parts of the plasma membrane. Vesicles form while taking in (____________) or discharging (____________) materials.

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Image: Endomembrane system diagram, M. Ruiz

ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM ORGANELLES: _______________

Nickname: Recycling Trucks

Function: Breaks down food into particles and to destroys old cellular components.

Q: Which organelle produces lysosomes?

Contain hydrolytic enzymes and are involved in intracellular digestion.

Images: Endomembrane system diagram, M. Ruiz, Lysosome action diagram, Encyclopedia of Science

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM ORGANELLES: ____________ _____________

Q: What is it made of? Q: What is its function?

Image: Endomembrane system diagram, M. Ruiz Cell Membrane diagram, Wiki

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Endomembrane System

Lets watch an animation on endocytosis & exocytosis!

Image: Endocytosis / Exocytosis, Nicolle Rager Fuller

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

We hope that you enjoyed your trip through the endomembrane system!

Have a nice day!

Endomembrane System
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Nuclear envelope Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Vesicles Lysozomes Plasma Membrane

Image: Endomembrane system, M. Ruiz

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Organelles: Energy-Related
______________ & ______________
Both organelles house energy in the form of ATP. Both ancestrally were independent cells that formed a symbiotic relationship with other cells.

Found in nearly all eukaryotes

Found in plants & algae & some microbes

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Images: Mitochondrion diagram M. Ruiz; Chloroplast diagram, Wiki

ENERGY-RELATED ORGANELLES: Mitochondria

Nickname: The Powerhouse Function: Energy formation Breaks down food to make ATP ATP is the major fuel for all cell activities that require energy
Bound by a double membrane surrounding fluid-filled matrix. The inner membranes of mitochondria are __________. The __________ contains enzymes that break down carbohydrates and the cristae house protein complexes that produce ATP.

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Images: Mitochondrion diagram M. Ruiz; Mitochondria photomicrograph, Louisa Howard

Now lets learn about additional structures found in

PLANT Cells

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Images: All images by T. Port

ENERGY-RELATED ORGANELLES: Chloroplasts

Nickname: Solar Panels Function: Captures Sunlight Energy & Makes ATP
___________ (a green pigment) absorbs solar energy and carbohydrates are made in the stroma.

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Images: Plant cells with chloroplasts, Kristian Peters, Chloroplast diagram, Wiki

PLANT CELL: _____________

Section 7-2 Please water me!

Nickname: Reservoir Function: Stores water

This is what makes lettuce crisp. When there is no water, the plant wilts.

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Images: Osmosis Plant Cell, M. Ruiz; Other Images Source Unknown

PLANT CELLS: ______ __________

Function: Provides support and protection to the cell membrane Found outside the cell membrane in plant cells

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Images: Plant cell, M. Ruiz

Animal Cell

(Eukaryote)

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Images: Animal cell diagram , M. Ruiz

Plant Cell

(Eukaryote)

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Image: Plant cell diagram, M. Ruiz

Confused?
Here are some links to fun resources that further explain Cell Biology:
Eukaryotic Cells Main Page on the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom of Science Prof Online. Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic: Two Types of Biological Cells, an article from SPO. Eukaryotic Cell: Structures, Functions & Diagrams, an
article from SPO.

Cells music video by They Might Be Giants. Cells Alive interactive website. Golgi Apparatus song by Phish Cell Structure tutorials and quizzes from Interactive Concepts in
Biochemistry.

Eukaryotic Cell Tour an Animated Science Tutorial. Endomembrane System animation and quiz. The Cell Song lyrics by The Cell Squad, Freedom Middle School, Nashville,
TN.

Endocytosis / Exocytosis animation and quiz from McGraw Hill. Evolution of the Three Domains Animated Science Tutorial. Biology4Kids Cell Biology Main Page by Raders.
(You must be in PPT slideshow view to click on links.) From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Assignment
At the end of some lectures, I will give you some type of in-class assignment or homework to evaluate your understanding of todays topic.

See the ScienceProfOnline Virtual Cell Biology Classroom: Eukaryotic Cells lecture for a printable Word .doc of this assignment.

This assignment will always be open-book.

Today you may be completing an activity on the topic of Eukaryotic Cell Structure & the Endomembrane System.

Image: Endomembrane system, M. Ruiz

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Are you feeling blinded by science?

Do yourself a favor. Use the

Virtual Cell Biology Classroom (VCBC) !

The VCBC is full of resources to help you succeed, including:
practice test questions review questions study guides and learning objectives PowerPoints on other topics

You can access the VCBC by going to the Science Prof Online website www.ScienceProfOnline.com
Images: Blinded With Science album, Thomas Dolby; Endomembrane system, Mariana Ruiz, Wiki