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    Physical: ECE 874: Electronics

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    srikanthdivi
    This document contains lecture notes from ECE 874: Physical Electronics taught by Prof. Virginia Ayres at Michigan State University. The notes cover topics relating to crystal structures, including: - Silicon crystallizes in the diamond crystal structure with covalent bonds forming between atoms - The diamond structure consists of two interpenetrating face-centered cubic (fcc) lattices - Important compounds like gallium arsenide (GaAs) and cadmium sulfide (CdS) crystallize in variations of the diamond structure called zinc blende and wurtzite structures respectively

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    Physical: ECE 874: Electronics

    Uploaded by

    srikanthdivi
    67 views35 pages
    This document contains lecture notes from ECE 874: Physical Electronics taught by Prof. Virginia Ayres at Michigan State University. The notes cover topics relating to crystal structures, including: - Silicon crystallizes in the diamond crystal structure with covalent bonds forming between atoms - The diamond structure consists of two interpenetrating face-centered cubic (fcc) lattices - Important compounds like gallium arsenide (GaAs) and cadmium sulfide (CdS) crystallize in variations of the diamond structure called zinc blende and wurtzite structures respectively

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    power point, for a coursse,

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    ECE874_F12_Lec02_04Sep12

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    This document contains lecture notes from ECE 874: Physical Electronics taught by Prof. Virginia Ayres at Michigan State University. The notes cover topics relating to crystal structures, including: - Silicon crystallizes in the diamond crystal structure with covalent bonds forming between atoms - The diamond structure consists of two interpenetrating face-centered cubic (fcc) lattices - Important compounds like gallium arsenide (GaAs) and cadmium sulfide (CdS) crystallize in variations of the diamond structure called zinc blende and wurtzite structures respectively

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    67 views35 pages

    Physical: ECE 874: Electronics

    Uploaded by

    srikanthdivi
    This document contains lecture notes from ECE 874: Physical Electronics taught by Prof. Virginia Ayres at Michigan State University. The notes cover topics relating to crystal structures, including: - Silicon crystallizes in the diamond crystal structure with covalent bonds forming between atoms - The diamond structure consists of two interpenetrating face-centered cubic (fcc) lattices - Important compounds like gallium arsenide (GaAs) and cadmium sulfide (CdS) crystallize in variations of the diamond structure called zinc blende and wurtzite structures respectively

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 35

    ECE 874: Physical Electronics

    Prof. Virginia Ayres Electrical & Computer Engineering Michigan State University [email protected]

    Lecture 02, 04 Sep 12

    VM Ayres, ECE874, F12

    Silicon crystallizes in the diamond crystal structure Fig. 1.5 (a):

    Notice real covalent bonds versus definition of imaginary cubic unit cell
    VM Ayres, ECE874, F12

    VM Ayres, ECE874, F12

    Corners: 8 x 1/8 = 1 Faces: 6 x = Inside: 4 x 1 = 3 4

    Atoms in the Unit cell: 8

    VM Ayres, ECE874, F12

    What do you need to know to answer (b)? Size of a cubic Unit cell is a3, where a is the lattice constant (Wurtzite crystal structure is not cubic)

    VM Ayres, ECE874, F12

    VM Ayres, ECE874, F12

    1
    Which pair are nearest neighbors? O-1 O-2 O-3

    VM Ayres, ECE874, F12

    1
    Which pair are nearest neighbors? O-1 O-2 O-3 z a/2 a/2

    O
    y x

    VM Ayres, ECE874, F12

    (1/4, , ) is given To get this from drawing would need scale marks on the axes

    VM Ayres, ECE874, F12

    1
    Which pair are nearest neighbors? O-1 O-2 O-3 z a/2 a/2

    O
    y x

    VM Ayres, ECE874, F12

    Directions for fcc (like Pr. 1.1 (b)): 8 atoms positioned one at each corner. 6 atoms centered in the middle of each face.

    VM Ayres, ECE874, F12

    The inside atoms of the diamond structure are all the ( , , ) locations that stay inside the box:

    VM Ayres, ECE874, F12

    All the ( , , ) locations are:

    VM Ayres, ECE874, F12

    You can match all pink atoms with a blue fcc lattice, copied from slide 12:

    VM Ayres, ECE874, F12

    You can match all bright and light yellow atoms with a green fcc lattice copied from slide 12:

    VM Ayres, ECE874, F12

    Therefore: the diamond crystal structure is formed from two interpenetrating fcc lattices

    VM Ayres, ECE874, F12

    But only 4 of the (, , ) atoms are inside the cubic Unit cell.

    VM Ayres, ECE874, F12

    Now let the pink atoms be gallium (Ga) and the yellow atoms be arsenic (As). This is a zinc blende lattice.

    Compare with Fig. 1.5 (b)

    VM Ayres, ECE874, F12

    Note that there are 4 complete molecules of GaAs in the cubic Unit cell.

    VM Ayres, ECE874, F12

    Example problem: find the molecular density of GaAs and verify that it is: 2.21 x 1022 molecules/cm3 = the value given on page 13.

    VM Ayres, ECE874, F12

    VM Ayres, ECE874, F12

    Increasing numbers of important compounds crystallize in a wurtzite crystal lattice:

    Hexagonal symmetry Fig. 1.3 forms a basic hexagonal Unit cell

    Cadmium sulfide (CdS) crystallizes in a wurtzite lattice Fig. 1.6 inside a hexagonal Unit cell

    Wurtzite: all sides = a


    VM Ayres, ECE874, F12

    Example problem: verify that the hexagonal Unit cell volume is:

    3 3 2 a c 2
    = the value given on page 13.

    VM Ayres, ECE874, F12

    Hexagonal volume = 2 triangular volumes plus 1 rectangular volume

    a 120o a

    VM Ayres, ECE874, F12

    VM Ayres, ECE874, F12

    VM Ayres, ECE874, F12

    Hexagonal volume = 2 triangular volumes plus 1 rectangular volume

    a 120o a

    VM Ayres, ECE874, F12

    Work out the parallel planes for CdS:

    3S
    7 Cd 7S 3 Cd 3S

    7 Cd

    Note: tetrahedral bonding inside


    VM Ayres, ECE874, F12

    How many equivalent S atoms are inside the hexagonal Unit cell? Define the c distance as between S-S (see Cd-Cd measure for c in Fig. 1.6 (a) )

    3S

    7S

    3S

    VM Ayres, ECE874, F12

    How much of each S atom is inside:

    Hexagonal: In plane: 1/3 inside

    Hexagonal: Interior plane Top to bottom: all inside: 1

    Therefore: vertex atoms = 1/3 X 1 = 1/3 inside 6 atoms x 1/3 each = 2

    Also have one inside atom in the middle of the hexagonal layer: 1
    Total atoms from the hexagonal arrangement = 3
    VM Ayres, ECE874, F12

    How much of each atom is inside:

    Note: the atoms on the triangular arrangement never hit the walls of the hexagonal Unit cell so no 1/3 stuff. But: they are chopped by the top and bottom faces of the hexagonal Unit cell: = atoms.

    Therefore have: 3 S atoms inside on each 3-atom layer layers: = 3/2 each layer
    Total atoms from triangular arrangements = 2 x 3/2 = 3

    VM Ayres, ECE874, F12

    How many equivalent S atoms are inside the hexagonal Unit cell? Total equivalent S atoms inside hexagonal Unit cell = 6

    3S

    3/2

    7S

    3S

    3/2

    VM Ayres, ECE874, F12

    Pr. 1.3 plus an extra requirement will be assigned for HW:

    You are required to indentify N as the Cd atoms in Fig. 1.6 (a)

    VM Ayres, ECE874, F12

    So youll count the numbers of atoms for the red layers for HW, with c = the distance between Cd-Cd layers as shown.

    Cd N:

    7 Cd

    3 Cd

    7 Cd

    VM Ayres, ECE874, F12

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