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Photographs and Digital Mages: Reading Assignment

Tuesday's lecture introduced remote sensing and covered what would be discussed in the class. Today's lecture discussed imaging systems and their characteristics. It covered how photographs and digital images work, including pixels and digital numbers. It also discussed important spatial properties in images like field of view, pixel size, resolution, and how detection is affected by resolution, contrast and noise. Next Tuesday's lecture will cover spatial data, photointerpretation and photogrammetry.

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Carlos Eduardo Romero
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54 views18 pages

Photographs and Digital Mages: Reading Assignment

Tuesday's lecture introduced remote sensing and covered what would be discussed in the class. Today's lecture discussed imaging systems and their characteristics. It covered how photographs and digital images work, including pixels and digital numbers. It also discussed important spatial properties in images like field of view, pixel size, resolution, and how detection is affected by resolution, contrast and noise. Next Tuesday's lecture will cover spatial data, photointerpretation and photogrammetry.

Uploaded by

Carlos Eduardo Romero
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Friday, 7 January 2011

Lecture 2
Photographs and digital mages
Reading assignment:

Ch 1.5 Ch 2.1, 2.5 Ch 3.3

data acquisition & interpretation digital imaging scale

What was covered in the previous lecture


LECTURES Jan 05 1. Intro previous Jan 07 2. Images today Jan 12 3. Photointerpretation Jan 14 4. Color theory Jan 19 5. Radiative transfer Jan 21 6. Atmospheric scattering Jan 26 7. Lamberts Law Jan 28 8. Volume interactions Feb 02 9. Spectroscopy Feb 04 10. Satellites & Review Feb 09 11. Midterm Feb 11 12. Image processing Feb 16 13. Spectral mixture analysis Feb 18 14. Classification Feb 23 15. Radar & Lidar Feb 25 16. Thermal infrared Mar 02 17. Mars spectroscopy (Matt Smith) Mar 04 18. Forest remote sensing (Van Kane) Mar 09 19. Thermal modeling (Iryna Danilina) Mar 11 20. Review Mar 16 21. Final Exam

Introduction Remote sensing Images, maps, & pictures Images and spectra Time series images Geospatial analysis framework Useful parameters and units The spectrum

Tuesdays lecture was an introduction to remote sensing


We discussed: what remote sensing was something about maps, images, and spectra time-series images - movies what was to be covered in this class

Today we discuss imaging systems and some of their characteristics

Specialized definitions:
scene the real-world target or landscape image a projection of the scene onto the focal plane of a camera picture some kind of representation of the image (e.g., hard copy)
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An imaging system - scene - optics - (scan mirrors) - focal plane - detectors (film, CCD, etc.)

Photographs
Photographs utilize concentrations of opaque grains to represent brightnesses

When it is enlarged enough, a photo gets fuzzy

A photo can be made in color using dye layers


5

Digital Images
A Charged Couple Device replaces the photographic film.
CCD silicon wafer solid-state electronic component array of individual light-sensitive cells each = picture element (pixel)

Each CCD cell converts light energy into electrons.


In the case of digital cameras:

A digital number (DN) is assigned to each pixel based on the magnitude of the electrical charge.

Each pixel on the image sensor has red, green, and blue filters intermingled across the cells in patterns designed to yield sharper images and truer colors.

Digital images
Each pixel is assigned a DN

0 200 100 0 198

20

100 0 198 75 198 0 198 0 0 0 0

Histogram
Number

0 100 75

10

75 168 75 168 0 167 168 199

100

200 DN value

250

Digital images

When it is enlarged, a digital photo gets pixilated

Enlargement
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Important spatial properties in images

Field of view (FOV) - Distance across the image (angular or linear)


Pixel size - Instantaneous Field of view (IFOV)
Size in meters or is related to angular IFOV and height above ground ex: 2.5 milliradian, at 1000 m above the terrain 1000 m * (2.5 * 10-3 rad) = 2.5 m

Each pixel represents a ~square area in the scene that is a measure of the sensor's ability to resolve objects
Examples: Landsat 7 / ASTER VIS Landsat 5 / ASTER NIR ASTER TIR 15 meters 30 meters 90 meters
9

Radians defined
Radian is a measure of angle, like degrees The circumference of a circle = 2 p r, where r is its radius. There are 2 p radians in a circle and 360 degrees A radian is therefore a little over 57 degrees 2.5 milliradians = 0.143 degrees
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Important spatial properties in images (continued)


TWO POINT SOURCES
1.2

BRIGHTNESS Brightness

0.8

Two point sources

Resolution varies with object contrast, size, shape

0.6

0.4

0.2

0 0 10

Distance
DISTANCE

20

30

40

50

IMAGE PROFILE
0.5 0.45 0.4 0.35

IMAGE PROFILE
0.6

SIGNAL DN

0.25 0.2

DN SIGNAL

0.3

Image profile

0.5

0.4

0.3

Image profile: closer point sources

0.15 0.1

0.2

0.1
0.05 0 0 10

Distance
DISTANCE

20

30

40

50

10

Distance
DISTANCE

20

30

40

50

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Resolution, contrast & noise affect detectability

High contrast

Low contrast & blurred

Low signal/noise
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Large targets are more easily detected

Blurred, no measurement error

with noise

13

Recognition of shape is affected by resolving power

14

Resolution affects identification

What can be said in B/W? What can be said about color alone? Where does most of the useful information come from?

Color information only, no spatial information (single pixel, three channels Blue, Green, & Red)

15

Spectral information alone

Color information, no spatial information (single pixel, three channels B, G, & R)

Spectrum full color information, no spatial information


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What was covered in todays lecture?


Photographs and digital images Structure of brightness elements in images Detection Resolution Signal & noise Point & extended targets

17

What will be covered in Tuesdays lecture


Spatial data - photointerpretation & photogrammetry

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