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Data Analysis, Interpretation, and Reporting

This document outlines strategies for qualitative data analysis and interpretation. It discusses six steps to qualitative data analysis including coding, categorizing, identifying patterns and developing theories grounded in the data. It also discusses issues like triangulating data, conducting audits to examine interpretations, addressing cultural bias, and approaches to generalization. The document concludes with suggestions for writing research reports, including introducing the topic, reviewing literature, describing methods and results, discussing conclusions, and conducting the report in a narrative style for qualitative analysis.

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53 views25 pages

Data Analysis, Interpretation, and Reporting

This document outlines strategies for qualitative data analysis and interpretation. It discusses six steps to qualitative data analysis including coding, categorizing, identifying patterns and developing theories grounded in the data. It also discusses issues like triangulating data, conducting audits to examine interpretations, addressing cultural bias, and approaches to generalization. The document concludes with suggestions for writing research reports, including introducing the topic, reviewing literature, describing methods and results, discussing conclusions, and conducting the report in a narrative style for qualitative analysis.

Uploaded by

shovon_iu
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Data Analysis, Interpretation, and Reporting

Outline
Data Analytic Strategies

Six Steps in Qualitative Data Analysis


Grounded Theory Analysis Strategies

Interpretation Issues in Qualitative Data Analysis


Writing Research Reports

Ways of Conducting Reports

Data Analytic Strategies


Recursive analytic strategies:

analyze cases generate findings draw conclusion from grounded theory report

write

Nine qualitative data analysis principles:

1. Collect the data in the field and study all the data

carefully to find out similarities and difference,


concepts and reflection. 2. The data analysis can be stopped only with the emergence of regularities (Saturation and sufficiency of information).

3. Accountability of information: Keep notes or transcripts if readers or reviewers want to review the data analysis procedures and results.

4. Divide the data into smaller , more meaning units


related to your major points after reading them all.

5. Organize the smaller units into categories (based on major points). The process is inductive.

6. Use comparison to build and refine categories,


define conceptual similarities, find negative evidence, and discover patterns. Ex: pro con one pattern one pattern

7. The categories are flexible and are modified as further data analysis occurs. 8. Analyze negative cases to reflect their perspectives. 9. Synthesize the patterns into the grounded theory.

Code

Code

Code

Code

Code

Code

Code

(A) (C)

(B)

(C)

(B)

(B)

(C)

Categor1 (pro 1)

Category 2 (pro2)

Category 3 (pro3)

Category 4 (con1)

Pattern 1

Pattern 2

Grounded Theory

Suggestions
Should be:

- connected with what is being discussed in


the major points. - exact excerpt used in the statement.
Should not be:

- based on interviewers personal opinions. - irrelevant to the major points.

Six Steps in Qualitative Data Analysis


1. Give codes from the notes. 2. Note personal reflections in the margin. 3. Sort and sift the notes to identify similar and different relationships between patterns.

4. Identify these patterns, similarities and differences. 5. Elaborate a small set of generalizations that cover the consistencies. 6. Examine those generalizations and form grounded theory.

Grounded Theory Analysis Strategies


Grounded theory:

A process of constructing various data


Inductive process by collecting, analyzing and

comparing data systematically.


Theory is grounded on data to explain the

phenomena.
The main purpose is to develop theory through

understanding concepts that are related by

Recur by moving back and forth with the data,

analyzing, collecting more data and analyzing some more until reaching conclusions.
An interactional method of theory building by

comparing and analyzing the data.

Three steps in the grounded theory analytic process:

1. Open coding:

Break data into small parts


similarities and differences

compare for
explain the meanings

of the data by focusing on who, when, where, what,


how much, why (ask questions to get a clear story)

2. Axial coding: After open coding, make connection (sort) between categories and confirm or disconfirm your

hypotheses.
3. Selective coding:

Select the core category (match hypotheses) and


explain the minor category (against hypotheses) with additional supporting data.

Coding process: Open coding

Axial coding
Select coding

Interpretation Issues in Qualitative Data Analysis


A. Triangulating Data
Use multiple methods and data sources to

support the strength of interpretations and


conclusion Ex) semi-structured interviews, consent form, grounded theory

B. Audits
Questions to examine the data for interpretations

and conclusion 1. Is sampling appropriate to ground the findings? 2. Are coding strategies applied correctly? 3. Is the category process appropriate? 4. Do the results link hypotheses? (examine literature review)

5. Are the negative cases explained? (minoritys


voice)

Suggestions
Four steps of negative case testing

1. Make a rough hypothesis


2. Conduct a thorough search

3. Discard or reformulate hypothesis


4. Examine all relevant cases

C. Cultural bias
Discuss cultural differences with different groups

of participants
To see whether divergence is based on culturally

different interpretations

D. Generalization
Not appropriate for qualitative research Two perspectives for generalization

1. Case-to-case translation (transferability)by providing thick description to apply to another setting 2. Analytic generalizationform a particular set of results to a broader

theory
Ex) use deviant cases

Writing Research Reports


A. Introduction

B. Literature Review
C. Methodology D. Results: Tie the results to study purpose (hypotheses) E. Discussions and Conclusion: Tie discussions to the literature; recommendations for

Ways of Conducting Reports


A. Quantitative reports
Report results by the use of tables and graphs

Avoid first-person pronoun


Use passive voice (It is shown / suggested that)

B. Qualitative reports
Look for a deep and valid description (narrative

style)
Look for well-grounded theory Seek contextual meaning by understanding

demographic

information (different experiences)

Thank you for your attention.

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