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Fiber Distributed Data Interface

FDDI is a high-speed networking protocol that uses fiber optic cabling to connect up to 1000 hosts over distances of up to 200 km at data rates of 100 Mbps. It uses a dual ring topology with counter-rotating rings and a token passing protocol for media access. Frame Relay is a packet-switched WAN protocol that operates at the data link layer to provide high-performance transmission across networks like ISDN or T1/T3 lines. It establishes virtual circuits between end devices and switches variable length frames using DLCI addresses for multiplexing. Frame Relay provides a connection-oriented service with call control messages to establish, maintain, and release logical connections between sites.

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32 views

Fiber Distributed Data Interface

FDDI is a high-speed networking protocol that uses fiber optic cabling to connect up to 1000 hosts over distances of up to 200 km at data rates of 100 Mbps. It uses a dual ring topology with counter-rotating rings and a token passing protocol for media access. Frame Relay is a packet-switched WAN protocol that operates at the data link layer to provide high-performance transmission across networks like ISDN or T1/T3 lines. It establishes virtual circuits between end devices and switches variable length frames using DLCI addresses for multiplexing. Frame Relay provides a connection-oriented service with call control messages to establish, maintain, and release logical connections between sites.

Uploaded by

upamaharikrishnan
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FIBER DISTRIBUTED DATA INTERFACE

FDDI Characteristic
100 Mbps data rate Distances of up to 200 km Up to 1000 hosts attached Based on fiber optic cabling

FDDI Dual Ring Topology Two fiber rings: Fiber channels are unidirectional, so 2 are needed

FDDI Physical Layer Coding


4B5B (4 out of 5) coding is used Each 4-bit data message requires 5 bits to send. Some of the unused 5-bit codes are used for controlling the fiber rings or for synchronization To obtain a 100 Mbps data rate, a 125 Mbps physical layer rate must be achieved

FDDI Frame Format


Similar to Token Ring

FDDI token and data frame formats


PA Preamble (16 or more I symbols) SD Starting Delimiter (2 symbols: JK) FC Frame Control (1 octet) ED Ending Delimiter (2 T symbols

SFS Start of Frame Sequence PA Preamble (16 or more I symbols) SD Starting Delimiter (2 symbols: JK) FC Frame Control (1 octet) DA Destination Address (2 or 6 octets)

SA Source Address (2 or 6 octets) INFO Information (0 or more octets) FCS Frame Check Sequence (4 octets) EFS End of Frame Sequence ED Ending Delimiter (1 T symbol) FS Frame Status (3 or more R or S symbols

FDDI Token Passing Protocol


In Token Ring, a new token is not generated until the frame is received again at the transmitting host In FDDI, multiple tokens may be on the ring simultaneously. After an FDDI host transmits a frame, it may put another token on the ring Timers used to implement priority If a token is ahead of schedule (target token rotation time), all priorities may transmit. If it is behind schedule, only the highest ones may send

Other FDDI timers


Token Holding Timer- determines how long a station may continue to transmit once it has acquired the token. Token Rotation Timer is restarted every time a token is seen. If this timer expires, it means that the token has not been sighted for too long an interval; possibly it has been lost. Token recovery procedure is initiated.

FDDI Timed Token Rotation Protocol


1. All hosts agree on a common Target Token Rotation Time (TTRT). They will aim to make the token rotate around the network at least once per TTRT. Hence, they can each expect to see the token once TTRT. 2. Each host on the network maintains a timed token Rotation (TRT) timer, that indicates when the token is next expected to arrive. 3. If the token arrives before TRT expires, we say it is Early. If the token arrives after TRT expires, we say it is Late.

4. A host can only transmit if it receives the token, AND the token is Early.

Frame Relay

Introduction
Frame Relay (FR) is a high-performance WAN protocol that operates at the physical and data link layers of the OSI reference model. FR originally was designed for use across Integrated Service Digital Network (ISDN) interfaces. Today, it is used over a variety of other network interfaces as well. FR is an example of a packet-switched technology. Packet-switched networks enable end stations to dynamically share the network medium and the available bandwidth.

What is Frame Relay?


A packet-switching protocol for connecting devices on a Wide Area Network (WAN) . FR networks in the U.S. support data transfer rates at T-1 (1.544 Mb/s) and T-3 (45 Mb/s) speeds. Frame Relay is a way of utilizing existing T-1 and T3 lines owned by a service provider. Most telephone companies now provide FR service for customers who want connections at 56 Kb/s to T-1 speeds. (In Europe, FRs speeds vary from 64 Kb/s to 2 Mb/s.

Frame Relay Devices


Devices attached to a Frame Relay WAN fall into the following two general categories:
Data terminal equipment (DTE)
DTEs generally are considered to be terminating equipment for a specific network and typically are located on the premises of a customer. Example of DTE devices are terminals, personal computers, routers, and bridges.

Data circuit-terminating equipment (DCE)


DCEs are carrier-owned internetworking devices. The purpose of DCE equipments is to provide clocking and switching services in a network, which are the devices that actually transmit data through the WAN.

Frame Relay Devices (cont.)

Frame Relay Devices (cont.)


The connection between a DTE device and a DCE device consists of both a physical layer component (L1) and a link layer component (L2). The physical component defines the mechanical, electrical, functional, and procedural specifications for the connection between the devices. One of the commonly used physical layer interface specifications is the recommended standard (RS)-232.

Frame Relay Networks


Designed to eliminate much of the overhead in X.25 Call control signaling on separate logical connection from user data Multiplexing/switching of logical connections at layer 2 (not layer 3) No hop-by-hop flow control and error control Throughput an order of magnitude higher than X.25

Frame Relay Architecture


Frame Relay has 2 layers: physical and data link (or LAPF, Link Access Procedure for Frame Mode Bearer Services) LAPF core: minimal data link control
Preservation of order for frames Small probability of frame loss

LAPF control: additional data link or network layer end-to-end functions

Frame Relay Network Implementation


A common private Frame Relay network implementation is to equip a T1 multiplexer with both Frame Relay and nonFrame Relay interfaces. Frame Relay traffic is forwarded out the Frame Relay interface and onto the data network. NonFrame Relay traffic is forwarded to the appropriate application or service, such as a private branch exchange (PBX) for telephone service or to a video-teleconferencing application.

Frame Relay is implemented in both public carrier-provided networks and in private enterprise networks. Public Carrier-Provided Networks
In public carrier-provided Frame Relay networks, the Frame Relay switching equipment is located in the central offices of a telecommunications carrier. Subscribers are charged based on their network use but are relieved from administering and maintaining the Frame Relay network equipment and service. Generally, the DCE equipment also is owned by the telecommunications provider. DTE equipment either will be customer-owned or perhaps will be owned by the telecommunications provider as a service to the customer.

Frame Relay Network Implementation

Private Enterprise Networks


More frequently, organizations worldwide are deploying private Frame Relay networks. In private Frame Relay networks, the administration and maintenance of the network are the responsibilities of the enterprise (a private company). All the equipment, including the switching equipment, is owned by the customer.

FlagsDelimits the beginning and end of the frame. The value of this field is always the same and is represented either as the hexadecimal number 7E or as the binary number 01111110. AddressContains the following information: (in bits)
DLCI: 0 for Call Control message Extended Address (EA): Address field extension bit C/R: the C/R bit is not currently defined. Congestion Control:

Frame Relay Frame Formats

LAPF Core
LAPF (Link Access Procedure for Frame Mode Bearer Services) Frame delimiting, alignment and transparency Frame multiplexing/demultiplexing Inspection of frame for length constraints Detection of transmission errors Congestion control

Frame Relay Call Control


4 message types needed SETUP CONNECT RELEASE RELEASE COMPLETE

Frame Relay Call Control


Frame Relay Call Control Data transfer involves:
Establish logical connection and DLCI Exchange data frames Release logical connection

Frame Relay Overview


DCE or Frame Relay Switch
CSU/DSU

Frame Relay works here.

Virtual circuits make connections Connection-oriented service

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