[1] The document discusses different types of biotic interactions: competition, symbiosis, commensalism, mutualism, parasitism, predator-prey relationships, and saprophytism.
[2] Symbiosis includes commensalism, parasitism, and mutualism. Commensalism benefits one species without affecting the other. Mutualism benefits both species. Parasitism benefits one species and harms the host.
[3] Examples of mutualistic relationships include lichens, rhizobium bacteria and leguminous plants, and microorganisms in herbivore digestive systems.
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Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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[1] The document discusses different types of biotic interactions: competition, symbiosis, commensalism, mutualism, parasitism, predator-prey relationships, and saprophytism.
[2] Symbiosis includes commensalism, parasitism, and mutualism. Commensalism benefits one species without affecting the other. Mutualism benefits both species. Parasitism benefits one species and harms the host.
[3] Examples of mutualistic relationships include lichens, rhizobium bacteria and leguminous plants, and microorganisms in herbivore digestive systems.
[1] The document discusses different types of biotic interactions: competition, symbiosis, commensalism, mutualism, parasitism, predator-prey relationships, and saprophytism.
[2] Symbiosis includes commensalism, parasitism, and mutualism. Commensalism benefits one species without affecting the other. Mutualism benefits both species. Parasitism benefits one species and harms the host.
[3] Examples of mutualistic relationships include lichens, rhizobium bacteria and leguminous plants, and microorganisms in herbivore digestive systems.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
[1] The document discusses different types of biotic interactions: competition, symbiosis, commensalism, mutualism, parasitism, predator-prey relationships, and saprophytism.
[2] Symbiosis includes commensalism, parasitism, and mutualism. Commensalism benefits one species without affecting the other. Mutualism benefits both species. Parasitism benefits one species and harms the host.
[3] Examples of mutualistic relationships include lichens, rhizobium bacteria and leguminous plants, and microorganisms in herbivore digestive systems.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
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Interaction Between Biotic Components
Interaction Between Organisms
Long-lasting interactions Temporary interactions
Saprophytism Symbiosis
Competition
Prey-predator
Commensalism
Mutualism
Parasitism
Competition: Interaction between 2 organisms living together in a habitat and competing for limited recourses. Animal usually compete for food, shelter and breeding mates, while plants compete for space, light, nutrients and water. 2 types:
Permanent and close relationship between 2 or more different species. There are 3 categories: Commensalism Parasitism Mutualism
Commensali Relationship between 2 species that sm benefits one species but either benefits nor harms the other species. Commensal 2 types
Host
Epiphytes Plants
Epizoics Animals
Green plants.
Epiphyte
Doesnt drive nutrition from its host. (photosynthesise) Faces difficulties in getting water & minerals. Adaptation: has a swollen stem at its base to store water. Has special roots (aerial roots) to absorb moisture. Roots are coated with spongy layer (velamen) which prevents roots tissue from drying out. Has sunken stoma to reduce water loss. Pigeon orchid Birds nest fern Staghon fern
Swollen stem Aerial roots
Others adaptations:
Thick waxy cuticle covers the epidermis of the fronds (the leaves of a fern)
Adjacent fronds overlap to form a nest Collects fallen leaves, pieces of tree bark, particles from air, bird dropping, rain water
Ants make their nest among the roots to increase the organic content of this nest from decaying of substances in the nest
Epizoics An animal (commensal) attached to another animal (host). Epizoics attach themselves to the bodies of their hosts for free transport, protection and feed leftover from their hosts meals. The host neither suffer loss nor benefit from the epizoics.
Crab
Cyclops (kutu air)
protozoa
shark
Mutualism Relationship between two organism which both benefit. Lichen (kulampair) Combination of a green alga and a fungus. The green alga cells get shelter, water, mineral salts from fungus.
The fungus gets food and oxygen from alga cells which carry on photosynthesis.
Rhizobium in the nodules of leguminous plants
Rhizobium are nitrogen-fixing bacteria living in nodules of leguminous plant (kekacang). Its convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonium compounds that are used by plants.
In return, the bacteria get shelter and food from the plants.
Microorganisms (protozoa & bacteria) and herbivores There are protozoa & bacteria living in the alimentary canal of herbivore, produce the enzyme cellulase to digest the cellulose of plant material taken by host. A large part of the sugar produced is absorbed by the host herbivore. The balance is used by the microorganisms.
Sea anemone (buran laut)
Sea anemone live on the top of the shell of marine snail. Shell (host) Hermit crab (umang-umang)
The hermit crab gets protection from the tentacles of the sea anemone.
Sea anemone gets transported and sources of food from hermit crab
Relationship between two organisms where the parasite benefits but the host is harmed. 2 types: Endoparasites Ectoparasites
no digestive tracts, they absorb food through the whole body surface.
have protective cuticle & anti-enzymes to prevent being digested by hosts enzymes, acids or alkalis. have flattened shape to cling on to the host.
carrying out anaerobic respiration.
great reproductive system.
Ectoparasites Animal ectoparasites on plant hosts Have hook to attach themselves on their hosts Have sharp mouth parts for hooking, sucking or biting.
Animal Ectoparasites
Plant Ectoparasites Have no leaves, stems or roots. Uses its strands of fungus like tissue to draw nutrients from host vine.
Prey-Predator Relationship The relationship exists when a weaker animal (the _________) is hunted and eaten by another stronger animal (the __________). This relationship is important to keep different animal populations of an ecosystem in balance.
Prey or Predator?
rats owls Prey increase
The dynamic equilibrium of the preys and predators population
Predator decrease Prey decrease
Predator increase
Saprophytism Animals that feed on dead organic matter that has been digested. Saprophytes produce enzymes to digest and decompose the dead complex organic matter.
