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Application and Layered Architecture

This document discusses application and layered architectures. It provides an overview of the 7-layer OSI reference model and describes the responsibilities of each layer, including physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application. It also discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and how it maps to the OSI model. Key concepts covered include encapsulation, addressing at different layers, and examples of data flow and delivery from one layer to the next.

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Manish Kumar
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89 views27 pages

Application and Layered Architecture

This document discusses application and layered architectures. It provides an overview of the 7-layer OSI reference model and describes the responsibilities of each layer, including physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application. It also discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and how it maps to the OSI model. Key concepts covered include encapsulation, addressing at different layers, and examples of data flow and delivery from one layer to the next.

Uploaded by

Manish Kumar
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Application and layered architectures

BTech EXTC Trim IX Faculty: Prof. Sonia Relan

Unit Contents
Layering architecture The OSI Reference model. Unified view of layers Protocols and services Overview of TCP/IP architecture TCP/IP Protocol

The interaction between layers in the OSI model

Encapsulation
A packet at level 7 is encapsulated at level 6. The whole packet then is encapsulated at level 5 and so on.

An exchange using the OSI model

1. Physical Layer
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. The physical layer is responsible for movements of individual bits from one hop (node) to the next. It deals with the electrical and mechanical specifications of the interface and transmission medium. Also describes procedures and functions that physical devices and interfaces have to perform for transmission to occur. Physical layer concerned with the following Physical characteristics of interface and medium Representation of bits. Data rate Synchronization of bits. Line configuration Physical topology Transmission mode

Physical layer

2. Data Link Layer


1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Transforms the physical layer, a raw transmission facility, to a reliable link. It makes the physical layer appear error free to the upper layer (n/w layer). The data link layer is responsible for moving frames from one hop (node) to the next. Responsibilities of data link layer Framing Physical addressing Flow control Error control Access control

Data link layer

Hop-to-hop delivery

3. Network layer
Responsible for source to destination delivery of packets, possibly across multiple networks (links). Where as the datalink layer oversees the delivery of packets only between two systems on the same network. If two systems are attached to different networks with connecting devices, there is often a need of network layer to accomplish source to destination packet delivery. Responsibilities of N/w layer: 1. Logical addressing 2. Routing 3. Source to destination delivery

Source-to-destination delivery

4. Transport layer
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The transport layer is responsible for the delivery of a message from one process to another. A process is an application program running on a host, whereas n/w layer oversees source to destination delivery of individual packets. Ensures whole message has arrived in order, overseeing both error control and flow control. Responsibilities of transport layer are: Service point addressing Segmentation and reassembly Connection control Flow control Error control

Transport layer

Reliable process-to-process delivery of a message

5. Session layer
Service provided by the first three layers are not sufficient for some processes. The session layer is responsible for dialog control and synchronization. It establishes, maintains and synchronizes the interaction among communicating systems. Specific responsibilities of the Session layer are as follows:

1. Dialog control 2. Synchronization

Session layer

6. Presentation layer
Concerned with the syntax and semantics of the information exchanged between two systems. The presentation layer is responsible for translation, compression, and encryption. Responsibilities of presentation layer includes: 1. Translation 2. Encryption 3. Compression

7. Application Layer
Enables the user to access the network. Provides user interfaces and support for services such as electronic mail, remote file access and transfer, shared database management, and other types of distributed information services Specific services provided by the application layer include: Network virtual terminal File transfer, access and management. Mail services. Directory services.

1. 2. 3. 4.

7. Application layer

Summary of layers

TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE


The layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite do not exactly match those in the OSI model. The original TCP/IP protocol suite was defined as having four layers: host-to-network, internet, transport, and application. However, when TCP/IP is compared to OSI, we can say that the TCP/IP protocol suite is made of five layers: physical, data link, network, transport, and application.

TCP/IP and OSI model

Addressing
Four levels of addresses are used in an internet employing the TCP/IP protocols: physical, logical, port, and specific.

Fig. Addressing in TCP/IP

Relationship of layers and addresses in TCP/IP

Example 2.1
In Figure 2.19 a node with physical address 10 sends a frame to a node with physical address 87. The two nodes are connected by a link (bus topology LAN). As the figure shows, the computer with physical address 10 is the sender, and the computer with physical address 87 is the receiver.

Physical address

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