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    Hybrid Composites: John Summerscales

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    Akash Aku
    Hybrid composites combine two or more fibres within a single matrix. There are six configurations including intimate mixtures and layer-by-layer structures. The rule-of-mixtures calculates elastic modulus by accounting for each fibre. Strength is estimated as the lower bound of the individual fibres, or a middle bound if both fibres reach the same strain. In some cases, the hybrid effect results in a strength higher than either fibre alone. This may be due to isolating fibre failures or residual thermal stresses from fibres expanding and contracting at different rates.

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    Hybrid Composites: John Summerscales

    Uploaded by

    Akash Aku
    81 views21 pages
    Hybrid composites combine two or more fibres within a single matrix. There are six configurations including intimate mixtures and layer-by-layer structures. The rule-of-mixtures calculates elastic modulus by accounting for each fibre. Strength is estimated as the lower bound of the individual fibres, or a middle bound if both fibres reach the same strain. In some cases, the hybrid effect results in a strength higher than either fibre alone. This may be due to isolating fibre failures or residual thermal stresses from fibres expanding and contracting at different rates.

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    Hybrid laminate

    Original Title

    MATS324A6 Hybrid

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    Hybrid composites combine two or more fibres within a single matrix. There are six configurations including intimate mixtures and layer-by-layer structures. The rule-of-mixtures calculates elastic modulus by accounting for each fibre. Strength is estimated as the lower bound of the individual fibres, or a middle bound if both fibres reach the same strain. In some cases, the hybrid effect results in a strength higher than either fibre alone. This may be due to isolating fibre failures or residual thermal stresses from fibres expanding and contracting at different rates.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    81 views21 pages

    Hybrid Composites: John Summerscales

    Uploaded by

    Akash Aku
    Hybrid composites combine two or more fibres within a single matrix. There are six configurations including intimate mixtures and layer-by-layer structures. The rule-of-mixtures calculates elastic modulus by accounting for each fibre. Strength is estimated as the lower bound of the individual fibres, or a middle bound if both fibres reach the same strain. In some cases, the hybrid effect results in a strength higher than either fibre alone. This may be due to isolating fibre failures or residual thermal stresses from fibres expanding and contracting at different rates.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 21

    Hybrid composites

    John Summerscales

    Hybrid: definition incorporation of two or more fibres within a single matrix the resulting material is a hybrid composite, often abbreviated to just "hybrid". or it may be two resin systems e.g. an interpenetrating network

    Hybrids: configuration
    a. fibre-by-fibre mixtures also known as "intimate" hybrids b. tow-by-tow mixtures a.k.a. "discrete" or "zebra" hybrids c. layer-by-layer mixtures d. skin-core-skin structures i.e. sandwich structures e. internal ribs f. external ribs

    Hybrids: configuration

    Hybrids: rule-of-mixtures

    For elastic modulus:


    where subscript A and B represent each of the fibre reinforcements

    Hybrids: strength
    For unidirectional composites, assume that the critical situation is fibre fracture and that contribution of resin matrix is negligible, then lower bound strength will be either:
    or

    Hybrids: strength - constant strain


    previous slide assumes that only one dominant fibre is carrying the load. the low elongation fibre can be assumed to be the critical failure case and if the high elongation fibre is also carrying load at the same strain, then:

    Do NOT use this equation with different values of

    Hybrids: strength constant strain graphical method


    matrix contribution assumed negligible plot strength (on y - axis) from or

    vs percent of each fibre composite (on x-axis)


    100%A 100%B

    Hybrids: strength constant strain graphical method


    as proportion of A decreases so does its contribution to hybrid strength

    100%A

    100%B

    Hybrids: strength constant strain graphical method


    as proportion of B decreases so does its contribution to hybrid strength

    100%A

    100%B

    Hybrids: strength constant strain graphical method


    read off the lower bound strength from the graph (yellow dashed line)

    100%A

    100%B

    Hybrids: strength constant strain graphical method


    A is low strain-tofailure fibre so carries no significant load when B fails B is high strain-tofailure fibre so can carry load when A fails (up to A) assume B = 3 A
    100%A 100%B

    Hybrids: strength constant strain graphical method


    A is low strain-tofailure fibre so carries no significant load when B fails B is high strain-tofailure fibre so can carry load when A fails (up to A) assume B = 3 A
    100%A 100%B

    Hybrids: strength constant strain graphical method


    by similar triangles, the orange line can be joined to S (A) i.e. the triangles PQR and SQR have the same vertical height
    S

    100%A

    100%B

    Hybrids: strength constant strain graphical method


    hence, the composite middle-bound strength can now be read from a higher line

    100%A

    100%B

    The hybrid effect !

    hybrid strength exceeds the rule of mixtures ? often referred to as synergistic strengthening

    The hybrid effect !


    for fibres with closely matched strains to failure, where the high-modulus fibre has the low strain to failure and vice versa failure strain of the low elongation fibre might be increased to that for high elongation fibre by isolating the individual critical fibre failures such that broken fibres are uniformly distributed through the composite. we might then predict a strength that exceeds the rule-of-mixtures prediction.

    The hybrid effect


    experimental data from Mark Grubers MMAE thesis, Delaware, 1981: Kevlar 49/E-glass. theoretical model from JS PhD thesis, 1983 using the assumptions on the previous slide.
    1200

    1000

    Strength (MPa)

    800

    600

    400

    200

    0 0 20 40 60 80 100 Vol% Kevlar composites

    However ....
    There is an alternative explanation:
    carbon fibre contracts on heating o glass fibre expands on heating
    o

    if fibre-matrix bond forms at cure temperature then, on cooling to ambient,


    carbon tries to expand o glass tries to contract
    o

    but they are constrained by the matrix ...

    Thermal explanation of the hybrid effect


    carbon fibre has residual compressive strain glass fibre has residual tensile strain when carbon is loaded in tension:

    constrained unconstrained

    Summary
    six generic ways to combine the fibres additional term in rule-of-mixtures strength
    lower bound (weaker fibre) o middle bound (all fibres at LEC) o upper bound (hybrid effect) do NOT use this for design purposes?
    o

    thermal effects with constraints

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