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Theorems On Calculus

The document discusses theorems related to extreme values of functions, including definitions of absolute maximum, absolute minimum, local maximum and local minimum. It introduces the Extreme Value Theorem which states that if a function is continuous on a closed interval, it will contain both an absolute maximum and minimum value. The Mean Value Theorem and Rolle's Theorem are also summarized, relating the derivative of a function to the change in its values over an interval.

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Xandra Lee
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50 views19 pages

Theorems On Calculus

The document discusses theorems related to extreme values of functions, including definitions of absolute maximum, absolute minimum, local maximum and local minimum. It introduces the Extreme Value Theorem which states that if a function is continuous on a closed interval, it will contain both an absolute maximum and minimum value. The Mean Value Theorem and Rolle's Theorem are also summarized, relating the derivative of a function to the change in its values over an interval.

Uploaded by

Xandra Lee
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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THEOREMS ON CALCULUS

Extreme Values of Functions


Extreme Values of a function are created when the function changes from increasing to decreasing or from decreasing to increasing
Extreme value

increasing

decreasing

decreasing

increasing

Extreme value

Extreme value

Extreme value
dec inc Extreme value dec

Extreme value inc dec

inc

dec

Extreme value

Extreme Values of Functions


Classifications of Extreme Values
Absolute Minimum the smallest function value in the domain Absolute Maximum the largest function value in the domain Local Minimum the smallest function value in an open interval in the domain Local Maximum the largest function value in an open interval in the domain
Absolute Maximum Local Maximum

Local Minimum Absolute Minimum Absolute Minimum

Local Maximum Absolute Maximum Local Maximum

Local Maximum

Local Maximum

Local Minimum

Local Minimum

Local Minimum Local Minimum

Extreme Values of Functions


Definitions:
Absolute Minimum occurs at a point c if () () for x all values in the domain.

Absolute Minimum at c

Absolute Maximum occurs at a point c if () for all x values in the domain.


c
Absolute Maximum at c

Local Minimum occurs at a point c in an open interval, (, ), in the domain if () () for all x values in the open interval.

a c b
Local Minimum at c

Local Maximum occurs at a point c in an open interval, (, ), in the domain if () () for all x values in the open interval.

a c b
Local Maximum at c

Extreme Values of Functions


The Extreme Value Theorem (Max-Min Existence Theorem) If a function is continuous on a closed interval, [a, b], then the function will contain both an absolute maximum value and an absolute minimum value.
() () () a c b

Absolute maximum value: f(a) Absolute minimum value: f(c)

Extreme Values of Functions


The Extreme Value Theorem (Max-Min Existence Theorem) If a function is continuous on a closed interval, [a, b], then the function will contain both an absolute maximum value and an absolute minimum value.
() () () ()

Absolute maximum value: f(c) Absolute minimum value: f(d)

Extreme Values of Functions


The Extreme Value Theorem (Max-Min Existence Theorem) If a function is continuous on a closed interval, [a, b], then the function will contain both an absolute maximum value and an absolute minimum value.
: () () ()

F is not continuous at c. Theorem does not apply.

Absolute maximum value: none Absolute minimum value: f(d)

Extreme Values of Functions


The Extreme Value Theorem (Max-Min Existence Theorem) If a function is continuous on a closed interval, [a, b], then the function will contain both an absolute maximum value and an absolute minimum value.
() () ()

F is not continuous at c. Theorem does not apply.

Absolute maximum value: f(c) Absolute minimum value: f(d)

Extreme Values of Functions


The First Derivative Theorem for Local Extreme Values If a function has a local maximum or minimum value at a point (c) in the domain and the derivative is defined at that point, then = 0.
Slope of the tangent line at c is zero.
> 0 < 0

= 0

< 0

> 0

Extreme Values of Functions


Critical Points If a function has an extreme value, then the value of the domain at which it occurs is defined as a critical point. Three Types of Critical Points
1 2 : = 0 3 :

(1)

(2)

(2)

(3)

(2)

(2)

(1)

Extreme Values of Functions


Which table best describes the graph?

a b

Table A
()

Table B
()

Table C
()

a
b c d

27
0 0 -5

a
b c d

-30
5 0 -7

a
b c d

-22
0 0 -9

Extreme Values of Functions


Graph the function. State the location(s) of any absolute extreme values, if applicable. Does the Extreme Value Theorem apply?
= 1 1 < 0 0 4

-1

No absolute minimum Absolute maximum at x = 4 The Extreme Value Theorem does not apply The function is not continuous at x = 0.

Extreme Values of Functions


Graph the function. Calculate any absolute extreme values, if applicable. Plot them on the graph and state the coordinates.
1 = 2 1

= 1 1 = = 2 0 2 = 0

(1, 1)
1 (2, ) 2

-2

-1

= 0 ; [2, 1]
Critical points = 2, 1 1 (2) = 2 (1) = 1

Absolute minimum Absolute maximum

Extreme Values of Functions


Calculate any absolute extreme values. State their identities and coordinates.
+ 1 = 2 + 2 + 2

( 2 +2 + 2) 1 ( + 1)(2 + 2) = ( 2 + 2 + 2)2 ( + 2) 2 2 = = 2 ( 2 + 2 + 2)2 ( + 2 + 2)2 Critical points = 0 = 2, 0 ? 2 + 2 + 2 = 0 2 22 4(1)(2) = 2(1) 2 = 0.5 Absolute minimum

(2, 0.5) 0 = 0.5 Absolute maximum (0, 0.5)

The Mean Value Theorem


Rolles Theorem A function is given that is continuous on every point of a closed interval,[a, b], and it is differentiable on every point of the open interval (a, b). If = (), then there exists at least one value in the open interval,(a, b), where = 0.
= 0

= ()

() 0 = =0

@ = 0 a c b = 0

The Mean Value Theorem


Rolles Theorem A function is given that is continuous on every point of a closed interval,[a, b], and it is differentiable on every point of the open interval (a, b). If = (), then there exists at least one value in the open interval,(a, b), where = 0.
= 0

= () = 0

() 0 = =0 @ = 0

@ = 0

a c

= 0

= 0

The Mean Value Theorem


The Mean Value Theorem A function is given that is continuous on every point of a closed interval,[a, b], and it is differentiable on every point of the open interval (a, b). If = (), then there exists at least one value (c) in the open interval,(a, b), where
()

= .
() @ = () = a c b ()

=
()

The Mean Value Theorem


The Mean Value Theorem A function is given that is continuous on every point of a closed interval,[a, b], and it is differentiable on every point of the open interval (a, b). If = (), then there exists at least one value (c) in the open interval,(a, b), where
()

= .
()

()

@ = ()
()

= a c d b

()

@ = () = ()

The Mean Value Theorem


Find the values of x that satisfy the Mean Value Theorem:

= 1

[1, 3]

() = 3 (1) = 2 3 1 = 2 1 = ( 1) 2 1 1 = 1 2 (1) 2 1 = 1 2 1 = 1 2 2( 1) 2 22 1 = 2 2 1 1 1 = 2 1 = 1 = 2 2 1 1 3 1 = = 2 2

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