Ahadul Imam Md.

Naim Hossain Patoary Afnaan Ahsan Khondokar

 About 38.3% of the total population prefers rickshaw as their mode of transport

Rickshaw is a popular mode of transport among the lower class and lower middle class people of Bangladesh due to its low cost and less pollution

 Rickshaw pullers are engaged in very strenuous physical activities for more than 7 to 9 hours a day
The mean values of energy expenditure of pulling a cycle rickshaw varied from 23.52.66 to 25.351.51 kJ/min. Relative cardiac strain and cardiac cost indicated that the job is heavy to very heavy With an attempt to eliminate this strenuous physical labor, our proposed model have been equipped with a dc motor.

 A survey of High Beam research in January 2012 shows that there were around fifty thousand battery operated rickshaw in Dhaka city.
They also predicted that this figure will be more that three million in December 2013.

Several survey shows that battery operated rickshaws consume at least 300MW of electricity everyday to recharge their batteries.

In this work, we aim to eliminate this additional power demand by generating required energy through solar panel.

Daily solar radiation received in Bangladesh lies between 4 and 6.5kWh/m2

 To develop an auto-rickshaw that uses solar energy to convert it into translational energy. To determine whether this solar powered rickshaw is cost effective of not. To ensure a passenger friendly model. To eliminate excessive human labor of the rickshaw pullers. To eliminate additional power loss occurred by charging the batteries of large number of battery driven auto-rickshaws of the country. To ensure that the efficiency of the rickshaw is high. A microcontroller based charge controller and microcontroller driven DC motor circuit has been proposed for this.

This presentation presents financial feasibility analysis of a micro-controller based solar powered tricycle or rickshaw for Bangladesh. The analysis has been done using standard methods of engineering econometrics such as Net Present Worth (NPW), Benefit-to-Cost Ratio (BCR) and Payback Periods (PP) methods. Here PIC microcontroller is used to control the duty cycle and speed of the DC motor. From the numerical analysis, it has been found that the proposed microcontroller based solar power rickshaw is financially feasible and Life cycle unit cost of the system is lowest compared to grid powered battery driven auto rickshaw.

DC-DC Converter

Microcontroller based PWM

Solar PV Panel

MPPT & Battery Charge Controller

Battery Bank

DC Motor

 The operation and maintenance cost is considered 10% and for solar system it is 5% of the total capital cost.
The installation cost is considered on the basis of an average labor cost of Bangladeshi taka (Tk) 250/day. Unit cost of the solar panel is Tk 60 (found in local market survey).

 Considering that the inflation rate, denoted by , of conventional electricity is 5%. The LCC nonrecurring General Escalation (GE) of 3% (typically the value is 3-8% ), discount rate, denoted by, of 7% (typically the annual value is 715% ), LCC nonrecurring cost factor of 0.565 are considered. The interest rate, denoted by , is 3%. The period of analysis, denoted by n, is 20 years which is equal to the assumed physical and economic of the PV system .

 The average electricity demand in Bangladesh was 6041MW and average generation was 5486MW on July 01, 2013. At the same time average load shedding was 555MW.
The per capita energy consumption in Bangladesh is one of the lowest (265kWh) in the world. In 2012, around 53% of Bangladeshi population had an access to electricity.

 Use of renewable energy can help us to meet the demand. Renewable energy is the energy obtained from different natural renewable recourses mainly from sunlight, wind, tides, biofuel and geo thermal heat. The countrys energy demand is actually growing annually 12% and not as per governments estimation of 7%

 In Bangladesh, Electric Power is generated by gas, hydro, steam- turbine and diesel power plants. All the generation units are inter connected through a national grid. As a result, the cost of per unit electricity is not uniform. The average per unit (kWh) electricity generation cost is around 14.29Tk and the average sales rate is 3.16Tk and for small business, it is 5.16Tk which is considered in our proposed model. GHG emission reduction cost is calculated using RET Screen software and it is found to be. Incidental operating cost has been included in operation and maintenance cost.

For the LCC analysis, the following 5 cases have been considered. Case A: Human driven rickshaw Case B: Existing battery operated rickshaw charged by the national grid. Case C: Solar power battery operated rickshaw Case D: Existing battery operated rickshaw charged by the national grid. But government is not giving subsidy. Case E: Microcontroller based proposed rickshaw

 The net present worth (NPW) can be defined as the difference between the present worth of all cash inflows and outflows of a project. The present value factor (PVF) is based on the concept of time value of money. It is defined as the adjustment factor that discounts a sum of future dollars back to the current year.
The mathematical expression for present worth factor (PWF) and thereby net present worth (NPW) or net present value (NPV) can be written as 1+e 1+e n Present Worth factor, PWF e, i, n = ,1 * + ie 1+i

NPW = A0 PWF Cc
Where

0 = As + GHG-(AE + + A0&M), Cc is the capital cost, AE is the Annual Cost of Electricity As is the annual saving, ANC is the annual nonrecurring cost, A0&M is the annual operation and maintenance cost and other cost, GHG is the green house gas cost e is the inflation rate n is the time i is the interest rate

 NPV is an indicator of how much value an investment or project adds to the firm. Appropriately risked projects with a positive NPV could be accepted. If there is a choice between two mutually exclusive alternatives, the one yielding the higher NPV should be selected.
If... It means... Then...

the investment would add value NPV > 0 the project may be accepted to the firm NPV < 0 the investment would subtract the project should be rejected value from the firm We should be indifferent in the decision NPV = 0 the investment would neither whether to accept or reject the project. This gain nor lose value for the firm project adds no monetary value. Decision should be based on other criteria.

 This method calculates the number of years needed for an investor to recover the investment.

This payback period is compared with maximum acceptable payback period determined by the investor. If the payback period exceeds maximum limit, then the project is unacceptable.

 The payback period can be expressed as

= 0
log 1 + 0 +1 = 1 + log 1 +

If

It means

Then

PP > maximum The project takes more time acceptable PP than expected/ needed to regain its investment

Investor should reject the project

PP maximum The project takes less time acceptable PP than needed/ required time needed to regain its investment

Investor should take the project

 A BCR is the ratio of the benefits of a project or proposal, expressed in monetary terms, relative to its costs, also expressed in monetary terms. In practice, the ratio of NPV to expenditure is expressed as a BCR. Public projects are evaluated using this investment evaluation method. The BCR is defined as + = + & + +

 CR (capital recovery) is the equivalent annual capital cost CC or annualized life cycle cost (LCC), denoted by E and can be calculated by
E = ,
+

(+) , (+) (+)

 If BCR 1, the project is feasible

If BCR < 1, the project is not feasible

Cost Item

Case A

Case B

Case C

Case D

Case E

Rickshaw Structure

16000

25000

25000

25000

25000

120W PV Array
Solar Charge Controller Battery Bank DC to DC Converter

18500 3500

7200
900 18500 3500

18500 3500

7200
900 18500 3500

Installation Cost
LCCc License Cost for 20 yrs. O & M Cost for 20 yrs.

16000 6000 32000

2000
56400 24000 112800

2500
65000 24000 65000

2000
56400 24000 112800

2500
66000 24000 66000

LCCO & M
LCCNC Cost of Electricity Total 20 yrs. LCC

38000
54000

136800
63382.5 226008 482590.5

89000
63382.5 217382.5

136800
63382.5 628905 882484.5

90000
63382.5 219382.5

Total Energy (kWh)

43800
11.02

43800
4.96

43800
20.12

52560
4.17

Item e i I As AE ANC GHG Annual O& M Ao PWF NPW

Case-B 0.05 0.03 56400 219000 11300.4 3170 0 6840 197689.6 24.63 5162429.9

Case-C 0.05 0.03 65000 237250 0 3170 14234 4450 243864 24.63 5940394.1

Case-D 0.05 0.03 56400 219000 31295.1 3170 0 6840 177694.9 24.63 4676040.5

Case-E 0.05 0.03 66000 255500 0 3170 14234 4500 262064 24.63 6387587.3

NPW vs Interest ratio (0.01-0.03) for Different cases

NPW

10000000 9000000 8000000 7000000 6000000 NPW

NPW vs. Inflation (0.03-0.07) for different cases

Case-2 5000000 4000000 3000000 2000000 1000000 0 0.03 0.05 0.07 Case-3 Case-4

Case-5

Item

Case-B

Case-C

Case-D

Case-E

e
i I As AE ANC GHG AO & M

0.05
0.03 56400 219000 11300.4 3170 0 6840

0.05
0.03 65000 237250 0 3170 14234 4450

0.05
0.03 56400 219000 31295.1 3170 0 6840

0.05
0.03 66000 255500 0 3170 14234 4500

Ao
PP

197689.6
0.29

243864
0.27

177694.9
0.32

262064
0.25

Item
e i I As ANC

Case-B
0.05 0.03 56400 219000 11300.4 3170

Case-C
0.05 0.03 65000 237250 0 3170

Case-D
0.05 0.03 56400 219000 31295.1 3170

Case-E
0.05 0.03 66000 255500 0 3170

GHG
Annualized LCC BCR

0
2334.73 9.3

14234
2690.74 24.39

0
2334.73 5.02

14234
2732.14 25.93

BCR for different Interest rate (.01-.03)

14
12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0.01 0.02 0.03

 LCC cost for Case E is the lowest and hence the our proposed model of solar rickshaw is cheaper than any other cases. NPW of Case E is greater than 1 and hence this project is feasible for acceptance as discussed in Chapter 2. Besides, the NPW of Case E is greater than any other cases which makes Case E superior to other cases. Payback Period of Case E is the lowest among the 5 cases which indicates that the investment behind this project will be regained at a faster time than any other cases. BCR of CASE E is the highest among the four different cases.

 Thus the results presented in this paper shows that microcontroller based solar powered battery operated rickshaw is more financially feasible than others.