CH 1
CH 1
Distributed Systems
Clustered System Real -Time Systems Handheld Systems
Computing Environments
1.1
easier. Make the computer system convenient to use. Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner.
1.2
1. Hardware provides basic computing resources (CPU, memory, I/O devices). 2. Operating system controls and coordinates the use of the hardware among the various application programs for the various users. 3. Applications programs define the ways in which the system resources are used to solve the computing problems of the users (compilers, database systems, video games, business programs). 4. Users (people, machines, other computers).
1.3
1.4
programs and operations of I/O devices . Kernel the one program running at all times (all else being application programs).
1.5
Mainframe Systems
Reduce setup time by batching similar jobs Automatic job sequencing automatically transfers
control from one job to another. First rudimentary operating system. Resident monitor
initial control in monitor control transfers to job when job completes control transfers pack to monitor
1.6
1.7
1.8
memory to several jobs. CPU scheduling the system must choose among several jobs ready to run. Allocation of devices.
1.9
in memory and on disk (the CPU is allocated to a job only if the job is in memory). A job swapped in and out of memory to the disk. On-line communication between the user and the system is provided; when the operating system finishes the execution of one command, it seeks the next control statement from the users keyboard. On-line system must be available for users to access data and code.
1.10
Desktop Systems
Personal computers computer system dedicated to a
single user. I/O devices keyboards, mice, display screens, small printers. User convenience and responsiveness. Can adopt technology developed for larger operating system often individuals have sole use of computer and do not need advanced CPU utilization of protection features. May run several different types of operating systems (Windows, MacOS, UNIX, Linux)
1.11
Parallel Systems
communication. Tightly coupled system processors share memory and a clock; communication usually takes place through the shared memory. Advantages of parallel system:
Increased throughput Economical Increased reliability graceful degradation fail-soft systems
1.12
1.13
1.14
Distributed Systems
Distribute the computation among several physical
processors. Loosely coupled system each processor has its own local memory; processors communicate with one another through various communications lines, such as highspeed buses or telephone lines. Advantages of distributed systems.
Resources Sharing Computation speed up load sharing Reliability Communications
1.15
1.16
1.17
Clustered Systems
while other servers standby. Symmetric clustering: all N hosts are running the application.
1.18
Real-Time Systems
Often used as a control device in a dedicated application
such as controlling scientific experiments, medical imaging systems, industrial control systems, and some display systems. Well-defined fixed-time constraints. Real-Time systems may be either hard or soft real-time.
1.19
1.20
Handheld Systems
1.21
1.22
Computing Environments
Traditional computing
Web-Based Computing Embedded Computing
1.23