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Week 7. Design For Single Reaction

The document discusses reaction engineering and reactor design for single reactions. It covers different types of reactors including batch, plug flow, continuous stirred tank (CSTR), and systems with multiple reactors. Key factors to consider in reactor choice are outlined. Comparisons are made between performance of plug flow and CSTR reactors for different reaction orders. Design of systems with multiple reactors in series is also addressed.

Uploaded by

Yuni Apriyani
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
257 views20 pages

Week 7. Design For Single Reaction

The document discusses reaction engineering and reactor design for single reactions. It covers different types of reactors including batch, plug flow, continuous stirred tank (CSTR), and systems with multiple reactors. Key factors to consider in reactor choice are outlined. Comparisons are made between performance of plug flow and CSTR reactors for different reaction orders. Design of systems with multiple reactors in series is also addressed.

Uploaded by

Yuni Apriyani
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Reaction Engineering

Design for Single Reactions


Eko Ariyanto, ST
Reactor Design
overview -
Many ways for processing a fluid:
Single batch reactor
Mixed flow reactor
Chain of reactors .
Factors to be considered in our choice:
reaction type
planned scale of production
cost of equipment & operations
safety ..
Which scheme do we
choose?
No formula to give us the
optimum set up!!!
eng. judgement
experience
economics
Reactor Design
design for single reactions-
What do we study:
Single reactors (compare the size)
Multiple reactor systems
Recycle reactor
Autocatalytic reactors
Single reactions = described by using one and only one rate expression
coupled with the stoichiometry and equilibrium expressions
Single reactions design
batch reactor -
Advantages:
small instrumentation cost
flexibility of operation (shut down easily)
Disadvantages:
high labour and handling cost
considerable shutdown time to empty, clean and refill
poorer quality control of the product
Well suited for producing small amounts of material & different
products using one piece of equipment
dV r dX F
A A A
) (
0
=
PFR
dt
dX
N V r
A
A A 0
) ( =
Batch

t = C
A0
dX
A
(r
A
)
0
X
A
}
}

= =
A
X
A
A
A
r
dX
C
v
V
0
0
0
t
0 =
A
c
For constant density systems:
identical performance equation
the same V is needed to do the job
Single reactions design
batch / plug reactor -
Single reactions design
- CSTR / plug reactor -

t =
V
v
0
=
C
A0
V
F
A0
=
C
A0
X
A
r
A
CSTR

F
A0
X
A
=(r
A
)V
dV r dX F
A A A
) (
0
=
PFR
}

= =
A
X
A
A
A
r
dX
C
v
V
0
0
0
t
We need a comparative study
Single reactions design
- CSTR (mixed) / plug reactor -
n
A
A
A
kC
dt
dN
V
r = =
1
General n
th
order rate equation:
3 0 = n
n
A
n
A A A
n
A A
A A
m
A
A
m
X
X X
kC r
X C
F
V C
) 1 (
) 1 ( 1
1
0
0
0
0

+
=

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

c
t
A A
A
A A
X
X
C C
c +

=
1
1
0

t
p
=
C
A0
V
F
A0
|
\

|
.
|
p
= C
A0
dX
A
r
A
0
X
A
}
=
1
kC
A0
n1
(1+c
A
X
A
)
n
dX
A
(1 X
A
)
n
0
X
A
}
mixed
plug
(1)
2)
Single reactions design
- CSTR (mixed) / plug reactor -

tC
A0
n1
( )
m
tC
A0
n1
( )
p
=
C
A 0
n
V
F
A0
|
\

|
.
|
m
C
A 0
n
V
F
A0
|
\

|
.
|
p
=
X
A
1+ c
A
X
A
1 X
A
|
\

|
.
|
n




(

(
(
m
1+ c
A
X
A
1 X
A
|
\

|
.
|
n
dX
A
0
X
A
}




(

(
(
p
0
0
0 A
A
F
VC
v
V
= = t
Dividing (1) / (2) and
0 =
A
c
Single reactions design
- CSTR (mixed) / plug reactor -

tC
A0
n1
( )
m
tC
A0
n1
( )
p
=
X
A
1 X
A
( )
n




(

(
(
m
1 X
A
( )
1n
1
n 1




(

(
(
p

tC
A0
n1
( )
m
tC
A0
n1
( )
p
=
X
A
1 X
A
|
\

|
.
|
m
ln(1 X
A
)
p
0 =
A
c
1 = n
1 = n
Single reactions design
- CSTR (mixed) / plug reactor -

t
( )
m
t
( )
p
=
V
m
V
p
=
X
A
1 X
A
( )
n




(

(
(
m
1 X
A
( )
1n
1
n 1




(

(
(
p
Plot for various X
A
and compare
the performance
For equal quantities (F
A0
) of
the same feed (C
A0
):
Single reactions design
- CSTR (mixed) / plug reactor -
Graph observations:
For all positive reaction orders the
mixed reactor is always larger than
plug flow
The ratio of volumes increases with
reaction order
For small X - reactor performance
slightly affected
The performance increases very
rapidly with high conversion
Density variation during reaction
affects design
p
m
p
m
V
V
=
t
t
Single reactions design
- general reactor performance -

t
( )
m
t
( )
p
=
shaded area
hatched area
Mixed flow always needs a larger volume that plug flow
Single reactions design
- plug reactor systems -

X
1
, X
2
,...X
N
Consider:
N plug flow reactors connected in series
Conversion of component A leaving reactor 1,2,3N

V
F
A0
=
dX
A
r
A
X
Ai
X
Af
}

V
i
F
A0
=
dX
A
r
X
i 1
X
i
}
for i
th
reactor

V
F
0
=
V
i
F
0 i=1
N

=
V
1
+V
2
+ ...V
N
F
0
=
dX
r
+
X
0
X
1
}
dX
r
+
X
1
X
2
}
... +
dX
r
X
N1
X
N
}
=
dX
r
X
0
X
N
}
N reactors in series
N plug reactor in series conversion = single plug reactor conversion
Example 1: 3 plug flow reactors in 2 parallel branches
Series of plug flow reactors
What fraction of feed should go to branch D?
Conversion should be the same in each branch
Solution Example 1:
Series of plug flow reactors
Branch D: two reactors in series:

V
D
=50+ 30 =80l
Conversion must be identical = V/F must be identical

V
F
|
\

|
.
|
D
=
V
F
|
\

|
.
|
E

F
D
F
E
=
V
D
V
E
=
80
40
= 2
2/3 of F must be fed to branch D
F
F
D
F
E
Single reactions design
- mixed reactor systems -

X
1
, X
2
,...X
N
Consider:
N mixed reactors connected in series
Conversion of component A leaving reactor 1,2,3N
Assumptions:
negligible density changes


t = t
Single reactions design
- mixed reactor systems -

X
1
, X
2
,...X
N
Consider:
N mixed reactors connected in series
Conversion of component A leaving reactor 1,2,3N
Assumptions:
negligible density changes


t = t
Single reactions design
- mixed reactor systems / 1
st
order rxn. -
) (
) (
0
0
0
A
Ai Af A
A
A
r
X X C
F
VC


= = t
For mixed reactor, in general:
for i
th
reactor
) (
) (
1 0
0
0
Ai
i i i
i
r
X X C
F
C V


= =

t
0 = c
f(conc)
| |
i
i i
i
i i
i
kC
C C
kC
C C C C C
=

=
1 0 1 0 0
) / 1 ( ) / 1 (
t
Single reactions design
- mixed reactor systems / 1
st
order rxn. -
i
i i
i
kC
C C
=
1
t
i
i
i
k
C
C
t + =

1
1
i i
V all in same = t
( )
N
i
N
N
N N
k
C
C
C
C
C
C
X C
C
t + = =

=

1 ...
1
1
1
2
1
1
0 0

t
N reactors
= Nt
i
=
N
k
C
0
C
N
|
\

|
.
|
1/ N
1




(

(
(
Single reactions design
- mixed reactor systems / 1
st
order rxn. -
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
= = 1
/ 1
0
N
N
i reactors N
C
C
k
N
Nt t
C
C
k
p
0
ln
1
= t
N
Series of N mixed
Plug flow
p
N
p
N
V
V
=
t
t
R A

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