PowerPoint Slides

to accompany

Financial Institutions, Instruments and Markets Fourth Edition by Christopher Viney

Designed and Written by Anthony Stanger School of Commerce The Flinders University of South Australia Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd

Copyright Copyright 2003 2003 McGraw-Hill McGraw-Hill Australia Australia Pty Ltd PtyPPTs Ltd t/a PPT Slides t/a Financial Institutions, Financial Instruments Accountingand by Willis Markets 4/e by Christopher Viney Slides Slides prepared prepared by by Anthony Kaye Watson Stanger

Chapter 1
The Financial System
Websites: http://www.rba.gov.au http://www.asx.com.au http://www.ft.com/asia/

Copyright Copyright 2003 2003 McGraw-Hill McGraw-Hill Australia Australia Pty Ltd PtyPPTs Ltd t/a PPT Slides t/a Financial Institutions, Financial Instruments Accountingand by Willis Markets 4/e by Christopher Viney Slides Slides prepared prepared by by Anthony Kaye Watson Stanger

Learning Objectives
Explain the functions of a financial system Describe the main classes of financial

instruments issued in a financial system Distinguish between various types of financial markets according to function Discuss the flow of funds between savers and borrowers, including direct and intermediated finance

Copyright Copyright 2003 2003 McGraw-Hill McGraw-Hill Australia Australia Pty Ltd PtyPPTs Ltd t/a PPT Slides t/a Financial Institutions, Financial Instruments Accountingand by Willis Markets 4/e by Christopher Viney Slides Slides prepared prepared by by Anthony Kaye Watson Stanger

Learning Objectives (cont.)

Appreciate the influence of globalisation on

financial markets Categorise the main types of financial institutions Understand the impact of a financial crisis on a financial system and a real economy

Copyright Copyright 2003 2003 McGraw-Hill McGraw-Hill Australia Australia Pty Ltd PtyPPTs Ltd t/a PPT Slides t/a Financial Institutions, Financial Instruments Accountingand by Willis Markets 4/e by Christopher Viney Slides Slides prepared prepared by by Anthony Kaye Watson Stanger

Chapter Organisation
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Introduction Functions of the Financial System Financial Instruments Financial Markets Impact of Globalisation Financial Institutions Summary

Copyright Copyright 2003 2003 McGraw-Hill McGraw-Hill Australia Australia Pty Ltd PtyPPTs Ltd t/a PPT Slides t/a Financial Institutions, Financial Instruments Accountingand by Willis Markets 4/e by Christopher Viney Slides Slides prepared prepared by by Anthony Kaye Watson Stanger

1.1 Introduction
Money Medium of exchange Allows specialisation in production Solves the divisibility problem, i.e. where medium of exchange does not represent equal value for the parties to the transaction Facilitates saving Store of wealth

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1.1 Introduction (cont.)

Role of markets Facilitate exchange by

Bringing opposite parties together Establishing rates of exchange, i.e. prices

Surplus units Savers of funds available for lending Deficit units Borrowers of funds for capital investment and consumption
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1.1 Introduction (cont.)

Financial instrument Issued by a party raising funds, acknowledging a financial commitment and entitling holder to specified future cash flows Flow of funds Movement of funds through the financial system between savers and borrowers giving rise to financial instruments

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1.1 Introduction (cont.)

Financial system Financial institutions, instruments and markets facilitating transactions for goods and services and financial transactions Overcomes difficulty of

Double coincidence of wants

Transaction between two parties meets their mutual needs

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1.1 Introduction (cont.)

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Chapter Organisation
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Introduction Functions of the Financial System Financial Instruments Financial Markets Impact of Globalisation Financial Institutions Summary

Copyright Copyright 2003 2003 McGraw-Hill McGraw-Hill Australia Australia Pty Ltd PtyPPTs Ltd t/a PPT Slides t/a Financial Institutions, Financial Instruments Accountingand by Willis Markets 4/e by Christopher Viney Slides Slides prepared prepared by by Anthony Kaye Watson Stanger

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1.2 Functions of the Financial System

Attributes of financial assets Return or yield

Total financial compensation received from an investment expressed as a percentage of the amount invested Probability that actual return on an investment will vary from the expected return

Risk

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1.2 Functions of the Financial System (cont.)

Liquidity Ability to sell an asset within reasonable time at current market prices and for reasonable transaction costs Time-pattern of the cash flows When the expected cash flows from a financial asset are to be received by the investor or lender

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1.2 Functions of the Financial System (cont.)

The financial system facilitates portfolio

restructuring

The combination of assets and liabilities comprising the desired attributes of return, risk, liquidity and timing of cash flows

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1.2 Functions of the Financial System (cont.)

An efficient financial system Encourages savings Savings flow to the most efficient users Implements the monetary policy of governments by influencing interest rates The combination of assets and liabilities comprising the desired attributes of return, risk, liquidity and timing of cash flows

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Chapter Organisation
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Introduction Functions of the Financial System Financial Instruments Financial Markets Impact of Globalisation Financial Institutions Summary

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1.3 Financial Instruments

Equity Ownership interest in an asset Residual claim on earnings and assets

Dividend Liquidation Ordinary share Hybrid (or quasi-equity) security

Preference shares Convertible notes

Types

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1.3 Financial Instruments (cont.)

Debt Contractual claim to

Periodic interest payments Repayment of principal

Ranks ahead of equity Can be secured or unsecured

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1.3 Financial Instruments (cont.)

Derivatives A synthetic security providing specific future rights that derives its price from a

Physical market commodity

Gold and oil

Financial security
Interest rate-sensitive debt instruments, currencies and equities

Used mainly to manage price risk exposure, and to speculate

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1.3 Financial Instruments (cont.)

Four basic derivative contracts Futures (Chapter 18) Forward (Chapter 18) Option contract (Chapter 19) Swap (Chapter 20)

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Chapter Organisation
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Introduction Functions of the Financial System Financial Instruments Financial Markets Impact of Globalisation Financial Institutions Summary

Copyright Copyright 2003 2003 McGraw-Hill McGraw-Hill Australia Australia Pty Ltd PtyPPTs Ltd t/a PPT Slides t/a Financial Institutions, Financial Instruments Accountingand by Willis Markets 4/e by Christopher Viney Slides Slides prepared prepared by by Anthony Kaye Watson Stanger

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1.4 Financial Markets

Matching principle

Primary and secondary market transactions

Direct and intermediated financial flow

markets Wholesale and retail markets Money markets Capital markets

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Matching principle
Short-term assets should be funded with

short-term liabilities

Inventory funded by overdraft

Longer-term assets should be funded with

equity or longer-term liabilities

Equipment funded by debentures

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Primary and secondary market transactions

Primary market transaction The issue of a new financial instrument to raise funds to purchase goods, services or assets by

Businesses
Company shares or debentures

Governments
Treasury notes or bonds

Individuals
Mortgage

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Primary and secondary market transactions (cont.)

Secondary market transaction The buying and selling of existing financial instruments

No direct impact on original issuer of security Transfer of ownership from one saver to another saver Provides liquidity which facilitates restructuring of portfolios of security owners

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Direct and intermediated financial flow markets

Direct flow markets Users of funds obtain finance directly from savers

Advantages
Avoids costs of intermediation Increases range of securities and markets

Disadvantages
Matching of preferences Liquidity and marketability of a security Search and transaction costs Assessment of risk, especially default risk

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Direct and intermediated financial flow markets (cont.)

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Direct and intermediated financial flow markets (cont.)

Intermediated flow markets A financing arrangement involving two separate contractual agreements whereby saver provides funds to intermediary, and the intermediary provides funding to the ultimate user of funds

Advantages

Asset transformation Maturity transformation

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Direct and intermediated financial flow markets (cont.)

Advantages (cont.)

Credit risk diversification and transformation Liquidity transformation Economies of scale

Sectorial flow of funds The flow of funds between business, financial institutions, government and household sectors and the rest of the world Influenced by fiscal and monetary policy
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Direct and intermediated financial flow markets (cont.)

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Wholesale and retail markets

Wholesale markets Direct financial flow transactions between institutional investors and borrowers

Involves large transactions

Retail markets Transactions conducted primarily with financial intermediaries by the household and smallmedium business sectors

Involves smaller transactions

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Money markets
Wholesale markets in which short-term

securities are issued and traded

Securities highly liquid

Term to maturity of one year or less Highly standardised form Deep secondary market

No specific infrastructure or trading place Enable participants to manage liquidity

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Money markets (cont.)

Money market securities Cash deposits (11 a.m. and 24-hour call) Commercial bills Treasury notes Government bonds Promissory notes Intercompany loans Interbank loans

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Money markets (cont.)

Money market participants Reserve Bank

Financial system liquidity Implementation of monetary policy

Banks Finance companies Funds managers Building societies Credit unions Companies

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Money markets (cont.)

Money market sub-markets Intercompany market Interbank market Bills market Commercial paper market Negotiable certificates of deposit (CDs) market

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Capital markets
Markets in which longer-term securities are

issued and traded

Equity markets Corporate debt markets Government debt markets Foreign exchange markets Derivatives markets

Term to maturity of more than one year

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Chapter Organisation
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Introduction Functions of the Financial System Financial Instruments Financial Markets Impact of Globalisation Financial Institutions Summary

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1.5 Impact of Globalisation

Globalisation of financial markets Refers to the interdependence of national financial systems Global standardisation of financial instruments Facilitates the movement of funds between savers and borrowers in different countries

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Chapter Organisation
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Introduction Functions of the Financial System Financial Instruments Financial Markets Impact of Globalisation Financial Institutions Summary

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1.6 Financial Institutions

Financial institutions permit the flow of

funds between borrowers and lenders by facilitating financial transactions

Institutions may be categorised by

differences in the sources and uses of funds

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1.6 Financial Institutions (cont.)

Categories of financial institutions Depository financial institutions Investment banks and merchant banks (money market corporations) Contractual savings institutions Finance companies Unit trusts

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Categories of financial institutions

Depository financial institutions Attract savings from depositors and investors to provide loan facilities to borrowers Commercial banks Building societies Credit unions

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Categories of financial institutions (cont.)

Investment banks and merchant banks (money market corporations)
Mainly provide off-balance-sheet (OBS)

transactions to corporations and government Advice on mergers and acquisitions, portfolio restructuring, finance and risk management Provide some funding
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Categories of financial institutions (cont.)

Contractual savings institutions The liabilities of these institutions are contracts that specify, in return for periodic payments to the institution, the institution will make payments to the contract holders if a specified event occurs Funds are then used to purchase both primary and secondary market securities

Life and general insurance companies Superannuation funds

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Categories of financial institutions (cont.)

Finance companies
Funds are raised by issuing financial

securities direct into money markets and capital markets

Funds are used to make loans to ultimate

borrowers

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Categories of financial institutions (cont)

Unit trusts Investors purchase units in the trust Trust manager invests funds in a range of investments specified by trust deed Types of unit trusts

Cash management trusts Equity trusts Property trusts Mortgage trusts

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1.6 Financial Institutions (cont.)

Assets of financial institutions

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Chapter Organisation
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Introduction Functions of the Financial System Financial Instruments Financial Markets Impact of Globalisation Financial Institutions Summary

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1.7 Summary
The financial system is composed of

financial institutions, instruments and markets facilitating transactions for goods and services and financial transactions
or hybrid

Financial instruments may be equity, debt

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1.7 Summary (cont.)

Financial markets may be classified

according to

Primary and secondary transactions Direct and intermediated flows Wholesale and retail markets Money markets and capital markets Financial institutions

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