CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE

1.1 ~ SCIENCE IS PART OF EVERYDAY LIFE

1. Science is a study of natural phenomena in a systematic way. 2. Natural phenomena are the non-artificial occurrences that take place around us. (things that happen in nature)

Formation of rainbow

Sky

Ice melting

Coconut fall to the ground

A caterpillar grow into a beautiful butterfly

Benefits of science
3. Science help us to understand ourselves and things that happen in nature. 4. We can use science to solve problems in daily life and make our life more comfortable.

-Example:-

Science-related careers
Different field of science
Biology Chemistry Physics Astronomy Geology Meteorology Study of living organism. (human growth) Study of composition, structure, properties & reaction of matter/substance. (melting of ice) Broadest field of study tiny particles to large structure. (planet) Study of the planetary & solar system. (day & night time) Study of Earths crust. (rock & minerals) Study of the atmosphere. (weather process)

DOCTOR

MARINE BIOLOGIST

PILOT

1.2~SAFETY RULES & APPARATUS IN THE LABORATORY

5. Safety rules make working in the laboratory safe. 6. Knowing the names and functions of apparatus allows us to perform experiments efficiently.

Hazard warning symbols

Refer textbook page 7 (Table 1.1)

Symbol

Meaning

Poisonous

Flammable

Corrosive

Explosive Radioactive

Irritant

Laboratory apparatus
Refer textbook page 9 (table 1.2)
Apparatus Use Apparatus Use

 Laboratory apparatus is used when doing scientific investigation Here are some common apparatus used in the laboratory

Outline drawing

 To contain small amount of liquids and chemicals

Outline drawing

Outline drawing

Flat-bottomed flask
Used to hold liquid

Outline drawing

Round-bottomed flask Used to hold liquid

Pipette
To measure a fixed Volume of liquid

Outline drawing

Evaporating dish
To evaporate liquids

 To hold or clamp apparatus

To support apparatus when heating

Outline drawing

 To support apparatus and ensure even heating Using the wire gauze in heating is important to avoid breaking glass apparatus like a beaker

Outline drawing

To separate solids from liquids when used with filter paper Transfer liquids into the container

11. Retort stand 12. Burette

To measure the volume of a liquid accurately

13. Conical flask

11. Retort stand 12. Burette

13. Conical flask

To hold liquid

 We use a Bunsen burner to heat up things

The flame of a Bunsen burner is very hot We must use the Bunsen burner with care

Scientists obtain knowledge of science from scientific investigations. A scientific investigation involves the use of science process skills

Identifying the problem Making a hypothesis Planning the experiment Controlling variables Collecting data Analysing and interpreting data Making a conclusion Reporting

Identifying a Problem
The problem to be solved is determined by

observing the phenomenon. Problem statement P1 MV P2 RV P3 Wh question and has ?

Forming a Hypothesis
Hypothesis a statement about an observed

event. A hypothesis is a proposal of thought (idea or prediction) Hypothesis are possible explanations for the phenomena that we observe Criteria P1 MV P2 RV P3 relationship between MV and RV

Planning an Experiment
Determine the apparatus & materials needed.

Planning the procedures of the experiment.

Criteria 1. K1 preparation of MA (mentioned 4 times)

2. K2 operating CV
3. K3 operating RV 4. K4 operating MV

5. K5 - precaution

Identifying & Controlling Variables

Factors or conditions the influence the

outcome of investigation. 3 types of variables;

Manipulated variables factors that causes an observable phenomenon.(is used to test a hypothesis) 2. Responding variables result obtained due to changes in manipulated variables.(the result of data collected ) 3. Constant variables factors that must be kept constant. (remain the same throughout the experiment)
1.

Conducting the Experiment

Experiment is carried out

Handle apparatus & materials correctly

Control experiment to ensure that the

observed changes are due to the manipulated variable tested.

Conducting an experiment to study the fitness level

of students. Students A-E (subject) carry out step test Students F (control)

Collecting data
Data is collected & recorded accurately

Recording Data
Data is presented in the form of of a table, line

graph or a bar chart.

Axes: uniform scales on both axis Joint all point Bar chart draw separately + same width Table title + unit

Y-axis (responding variable), x-axis (manipulated variable)

Analysing & Interpreting Data

A suitable explanation between the

observations & the problem is given.

Making Conclusion
Conclusion to be made on whether the results

support or refuse the hypothesis. The acceptance or the rejection of the hypothesis

Writing a Report
A complete report based on the findings made

during experiment, present in the following format;

1. 2.

3.
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Objective/Aim Problem statement Hypothesis Variables Materials & apparatus Procedure Results Discussion Conclusion

 5 physical quantities :- length, mass, temperature, electric current and time

These quantities are called the basic quantities We measure these quantities in SI units

Table 1.4 shows the symbols and SI units of the basic quantities
Basic quantities (symbol)
Length (l) Mass (m) Time (t) Temperature (T) Electric current (I)

SI units (symbol)
Metre (m) Kilogram (kg) Second (s) Kelvin (K) Ampere (A)

Table 1.4 Five basic quantities and their SI units

The distance from the Earth to the sun is 150 000 000 000 m The mass of a hydrogen atom is 0.00000000000000000000000167 g

For the number like these, we write them in the standard form of a x 10n

The distance from the Earth to the sun is 150 000 000 000 m The mass of a hydrogen atom is 0.00000000000000000000000167 g

150000000000 m

= 1.5 X 1011 m

0.00000000000000000000000167 g = 1.67 X 10-24 g

We can also write physical quantities in the prefixed form.

The five basic units can combine with the prefixes shown in the table below

We can also write physical quantities in the prefixed form.

The five basic units can combine with the prefixes shown in the table below

0.00000000264 g
= 2.64 X 10-9 g = 2.64 ng

X 10-9 = n

5760000 m
= 5.76 X 106 m = 5.76 Mm

X 106 = M

0.0075 m
= 7.5 X 10-3 m = 7.5 mm

X 10-3 = m

 Mass is the amount of matter in an object The mass of an object is always constant Mass is measured using the

Lever balance

Chemical balance

The SI Unit for mass is kilogram (kg). Other units used in measuring mass are gram (g) and milligram (mg)

 The weight of an object is the pull of the Earth on the object The pull of the Earth is called the force of gravity The weight of an object may change in different place
The SI unit for weight is the Newton (N)

Spring balance

Table 1 shows the mass and the weight of an astronaut at different locations
Location
On the Earth On the Moon In outer space

Mass / kg
60 60 60

Weight / N
600 100 0