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    Unit II: Earthquake Disaster Mitigation

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    Earthquakes are a natural phenomenon that occur due to a sudden release of energy in the earth's crust. They can cause significant damage depending on their magnitude and location. Several factors influence earthquake intensity, including distance from the epicenter and underlying soil and topography. During an earthquake, seismic waves travel through the earth's layers and cause shaking at the surface. Proper building design and construction can help reduce vulnerability to earthquake damage by distributing seismic forces throughout the structure. Understanding earthquake hazards and risks is important for mitigation and preparedness efforts.

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    Unit II: Earthquake Disaster Mitigation

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    Earthquakes are a natural phenomenon that occur due to a sudden release of energy in the earth's crust. They can cause significant damage depending on their magnitude and location. Several factors influence earthquake intensity, including distance from the epicenter and underlying soil and topography. During an earthquake, seismic waves travel through the earth's layers and cause shaking at the surface. Proper building design and construction can help reduce vulnerability to earthquake damage by distributing seismic forces throughout the structure. Understanding earthquake hazards and risks is important for mitigation and preparedness efforts.

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    Earthquakes are a natural phenomenon that occur due to a sudden release of energy in the earth's crust. They can cause significant damage depending on their magnitude and location. Several factors influence earthquake intensity, including distance from the epicenter and underlying soil and topography. During an earthquake, seismic waves travel through the earth's layers and cause shaking at the surface. Proper building design and construction can help reduce vulnerability to earthquake damage by distributing seismic forces throughout the structure. Understanding earthquake hazards and risks is important for mitigation and preparedness efforts.

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    45 views106 pages

    Unit II: Earthquake Disaster Mitigation

    Uploaded by

    gdevi80
    Earthquakes are a natural phenomenon that occur due to a sudden release of energy in the earth's crust. They can cause significant damage depending on their magnitude and location. Several factors influence earthquake intensity, including distance from the epicenter and underlying soil and topography. During an earthquake, seismic waves travel through the earth's layers and cause shaking at the surface. Proper building design and construction can help reduce vulnerability to earthquake damage by distributing seismic forces throughout the structure. Understanding earthquake hazards and risks is important for mitigation and preparedness efforts.

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    Unit II

    Earthquake Disaster Mitigation

    EARTHQUAKES
    Source: Kobe I EERI - Slide #43

    Earthquakes are a natural phenomena, like drought, flood and Cyclones.

    Earthquakes in simple terms is a sudden trembling or shaking movement of the earth surface.

    Larger earthquakes usually preceded by tremors and some violent shocks and followed by smaller earthquakes of diminishing size called aftershocks.

    What are Earthquakes? A sudden release of


    energy accumulated in deformed rocks causing the ground to tremble or shake. - Causes rupturing or brittle failure of crustal rocks. - Energy is released. - Movement of fault blocks takes place along a fault plane.
    Source: www.earth.leeds.ac.uk/dynamicearth

    INSIDE EARTH

    Layers of the Earth


    By analyzing the seismograms from many earthquakes, scientists have discovered that three main levels or shells exist within the Earth: CRUST

    Source: www.thetech.org

    MANTLE The region just below the crust and extending all the way down to the Earth's core is called the mantle. The mantle, a dense, hot layer of semi-solid rock approximately 2,900 km thick.

    The Earth's outermost surface is called the crust. The crust is relatively light and brittle. Most earthquakes occur within the crust. Scientists believe that below the lithosphere is a relatively narrow, mobile zone in the mantle called the asthenosphere (from asthenes, Greek for weak). CORE Beneath the mantle is the Earth's core. The Earth's core consists of a fluid outer core and a solid inner core.

    Local convective currents in the mantle

    BASIC TERMINOLOGY
    Earthquake

    Hypocentre or focus Epicentre Focal depth Epicentral distance Origin time Foreshocks and Aftershocks Fault

    Types of inter plate boundaries

    Types of Faults

    CAUSES OF EARTHQUAKES
    Plate Tectonics and Elastic Rebound Theory Earthquakes due to volcanic activity

    Major Tectonic plates on the Earths surface

    SIZE OF EARTHQUAKES
    Earthquake Intensity Oldest measure of earthquake size Qualitative description Depends on
    Distance of the site from epicenter focal depth Magnitude of earthquake Soil condition

    The intensity is maximum near the epicentre and decreases with increase in distance from the epicentre.

    Intensity is a qualitative measure of the actual shaking at a location during an earthquake and it is assigned in Roman Capital Letters

    INTENSITY

    There are many intensity scales. Two commonly used ones are 1) Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) Scale. 2) MSK Scale
    Both scales are quite similar and range from I(less perceptive) to XII (most severe) The intensity scales are based on three features of shaking - perception by people and animals - performance of buildings - changes to surroundings

    Basic Difference : Magnitude versus Intensity

    Reducing illumination with distance from an electric bulb

    Earthquake Magnitude It is measured on Richter Scale and is related to the logarithm (base 10) of the amount of energy released by an earthquake. The magnitude M of an earthquake is related to the energy released at the focus of the earthquake, and is given by the approximate formula
    Log E ( ergs) = 11. 8 + 1.5 M

    The smallest earthquake perceptible by human being corresponds to the magnitude of 2 largest and most destructive earthquake so far known to have occurred has been assigned a magnitude 8.7. The damage from an earthquake starts from magnitude 5 and above. Earthquakes are often classified into different groups based on their size

    SEISMIC WAVES
    Seismic waves are of two types - Body waves - Surface waves
    Body waves consist of Primary waves (P-waves) and Secondary waves (S-waves) Surface waves consist of Love waves and Rayleigh waves

    Arrival of seismic wave at a site

    Types of Waves

    Fastest waves

    Do not travel through liquid

    Seismic Hazards
    Ground shaking Structural hazards Liquefaction Landslides Retaining structures failure Lifeline hazards Tsuanami

    Classification of earthquakes
    Based on location
    Interplate Intraplate Local earthquakes < 1 Regional earthquakes 1 - 10 Teleseismic earthquakes > 10

    Based on epicentral distance

    Based on Focal depth



    Shallow depth Intermediate depth Deep earthquake


    Micro earthquake Intermediate earthquake Moderate earthquake Strong earthquake Major earthquake Great earthquake

    0-71 km 71-300 km > 300km


    <3

    Based on Magnitude
    3-4.9
    5-5.9 6-6.9 7-7.9 >8

    Indian Subcontinent: among the worlds most disaster prone areas 65% of land vulnerable to Earthquakes 8% of land vulnerable to Cyclones 5% of land vulnerable to Floods > 1 million houses damaged annually + human, social, other losses

    PAST EARTHQUAKES IN INDIA

    Seismic Zone Map of India: Year-1962

    Seismic Zone Map of India: -1966

    Seismic Zone Map of India: -1970

    Seismic Zone Map of India: -2002


    About 65 percent of the land area of India is liable to seismic hazard damage (about 26% under MSK Intensity VII, 18% under VIII and 12% under IX and higher).

    Earthquake Risk
    Hazard Site effects

    = Probability of ground motion = Soil properties, topography presence of Reservoirs (RIS), Mines (MIS) = Building types, Age = Hazard x Site effects x Vulnerability

    Vulnerability

    Risk

    Earthquake Dont Kill People but Buildings Do

    VULNERABILITY 1819 Gujarat [Kutch] 8.0 (2000 deaths) 2001 Gujarat [Bhuj] 6.9 (13805 deaths) Increased vulnerability in two centuries

    EFFECT OF SEISMIC FORCES ON STRUCTURES


    Inertia Forces in Structures
    From Newtons First Law of Motion, even though the base of the building moves with the ground, the roof has a tendency to stay in its original position

    If the roof has a mass M and experiences an acceleration a, then from inertia force = Ma (direction is opposite to acc.) Clearly, more mass means higher inertia force. Therefore, lighter buildings sustain the earthquake shaking better.

    Stiffness forces
    The inertia force experienced by the roof is transferred to the ground via the columns, causing forces in columns. During earthquake shaking, the columns undergo relative movement between their ends when forced to bend, they develop internal forces The larger is the relative horizontal displacement u between the top and bottom of the column, the larger this internal force in columns. Also, the stiffer the columns are (i.e., bigger is the column size), larger is this force

    Flow of inertial forces to foundation

    Structural elements and connections must be designed to transfer the inertial forces through them

    Twisting

    Location of Building

    Design aspects of Earthquake resistant buidings

    Design aspects of RCC buildings

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