WELCOME TO CCNA 2

Some important info to follow

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Cisco Public

Before we begin....
Practical Sessions
You need to attend your practical session every week to avoid falling behind

Online Chapter Tests

Will be active for 1 week following the theory lecture

Passing requirements
You need to pass both the CCNA 2 and CCNA 3 online final exam and the skills exam with 70% the written exam in November with 50%

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Cisco Public

Configuring Network Devices & Introduction to Routing

The purpose of Cisco IOS Software

As with a computer, a router or switch cannot function

without an operating system. Cisco calls its operating system the Cisco Internetwork Operating System or Cisco IOS.
The Cisco IOS provides the following network services: Basic routing and switching functions Reliable and secure access to networked resources Network scalability

Router user interface

The Cisco IOS software uses a command-line

interface (CLI) as the traditional console environment. This environment is accessible through several methods:
Console AUX port (modem) Telnet

Router user interface modes

The IOS provides a command interpreter service known as

the command executive (EXEC). After each command is entered, the EXEC validates and executes the command. The levels are user EXEC mode and privileged EXEC mode.

Cisco IOS software features

Although there are numerous IOS images for

different Cisco device models and feature sets, the basic configuration command structure is the same. The naming convention for the different Cisco IOS releases contains three parts: The platform on which the image runs The special features supported in the image Where the image runs and whether it has been

Operation of Cisco IOS Software

The Cisco IOS devices have three distinct operating environments or modes: ROM monitor Boot ROM Cisco IOS

Troubleshooting command line errors

Help is at hand..

When in doubt use the ? to see what command

option are available

Examining the initial router bootup

Examining the initial router bootup

Examining the initial router bootup

no

Device management

Out-of-band management requires a computer to be directly

connected to the console port or auxiliary port (AUX) of the network device being configured. Use in-band management to monitor and make configuration changes to a network device over a network connection.

Establishing a HyperTerminal session

Router Console port Rollover cable Terminal or a PC with terminal emulation software

Com1 or Com2 serial port

Take the following steps to connect a terminal to the console port on the router: Connect the terminal using the RJ-45 to RJ-45 rollover cable and an RJ-45 to DB-9 or RJ-45 to DB-25 adapter. Configure the terminal or PC terminal emulation software for 9600 baud, 8 data bits, no parity, 1 stop bit, and no flow

Establishing a HyperTerminal session

=
Important: A console connection is not the same as a

network connection!

Logging into the router

Two commands can be used to set a password used to

access privileged EXEC mode: enable password and enable secret The following are specific modes that can also be accessed from the global configuration mode: Interface Subinterface Line 16

Keyboard help in the router CLI

17

Keyboard help in the router CLI

Enhanced editing commands

Ctrl-Z is a command used to back out of configuration

mode. This will return the user to the privileged EXEC mode prompt.

Router command history

terminal history size: maximum number of

commands is 256

Router as a Computer
The basic purpose of a router

-Computers that specialize in sending packets over the data network. They are responsible for interconnecting networks by selecting the best path for a packet to travel and forwarding packets to their destination Routers are the network center -Routers generally have 2 types of connections:
-WAN connection (Connection to ISP) -LAN connection

Router as a Computer
Data is sent in form of packets between 2 end

devices Routers are used to direct packet to its destination

Router as a Computer
Routers examine a packets destination IP address

and determine the best path by enlisting the aid of a routing table

Router components and their functions

CPU - Executes operating system instructions

Random access memory (RAM) - Contains the running copy of

configuration file. Stores routing table. RAM contents lost when power is off
Read-only memory (ROM) - Holds diagnostic software used when router

is powered up. Stores the routers bootstrap program.

Non-volatile RAM (NVRAM) - Stores startup configuration. This may

include IP addresses (Routing protocol, Hostname of router)

Flash memory - Contains the operating system (Cisco IOS) Interfaces - There exist multiple physical interfaces that are used to

connect network. Examples of interface types: -Ethernet / fast Ethernet interfaces -Serial interfaces -Management interfaces

Router components

Major phases to the router bootup

Test router hardware

Power-On Self Test (POST) Execute bootstrap loader Locate & load Cisco IOS software -Locate IOS -Load IOS Locate & load startup configuration file or enter setup mode -Bootstrap program looks for configuration file

Verify the router boot-up process

The show version command is used to view information about the router during the bootup process. Information includes:
Platform model number Image name & IOS version Bootstrap version stored in ROM

Image file name & where it was loaded from

Number & type of interfaces Amount of NVRAM Amount of flash Configuration register

Info we can see at boot time

Router Interfaces
Router Interface is a physical connector that enables

a router to send or receive packets Each interface connects to a separate network Consist of socket or jack found on the outside of a router Types of router interfaces:
-Ethernet -Fastethernet -Serial -DSL -ISDN -Cable

Router Interfaces
Two major groups of Router Interfaces

LAN Interfaces:
Are used to connect router to LAN

network Has a layer 2 MAC address Can be assigned a Layer 3 IP address Usually consist of an RJ-45 jack WAN Interfaces Are used to connect routers to external networks that interconnect LANs. Depending on the WAN technology, a layer 2 address may be used. Uses a layer 3 IP address

Routers and the Network Layer

Routers use destination IP address to forward packets
The path a packet takes is determined after a router

consults information in the routing table. After router determines the best path Packet is encapsulated into a frame Frame is then placed on network medium in form of Bits

Routers Operate at Layers 1, 2 & 3

Router receives a stream of encoded bits
Bits are decoded and passed to layer 2 Router de-encapsulates the frame Remaining packet passed up to layer 3
Routing decision made at this layer by examining destination IP address

Packet is then re-encapsulated & sent out outbound

interface

Implementing Basic Addressing Schemes

When designing a new network or mapping an

existing network you must provide the following information in the form of a document:
-Topology drawing that Illustrates physical connectivity Address table that provides the following information: Device name Interfaces used IP addresses Default gateway

Basic Router Configuration

A basic router configuration should contain the

following:

-Router name - Host name should be unique -Banner - At a minimum, banner should warn against unauthorized use -Passwords - Use strong passwords -Interface configurations - Specify interface type, IP address and subnet mask. Describe purpose of interface. Issue no shutdown command. If DCE serial interface issue clock rate command.
After entering in the basic configuration the following

tasks should be completed

-Verify basic configuration and router operations.

Configure Devices and Apply Addresses

Verify Basic Router Configuration

-Issue the show running-config command -Save the basic router configuration by Issuing the copy running-config startup-config command -Additional commands that will enable you to further verify router configuration are:
Show running-config - Displays configuration currently in

RAM Show startup-config - Displays configuration file NVRAM Show IP route - Displays routing table Show interfaces - Displays all interface configurations Show IP int brief - Displays abbreviated interface configuration information

Routing Table Structure

Routing Table is stored in ram and contains

information about:
Directly connected networks - this occurs when a

device is connected to another router interface Remotely connected networks - this is a network that is not directly connected to a particular router Detailed information about the networks include source of information, network address & subnet mask, and Ip address of next-hop router
Show ip route command is used to view a routing

table

Routing Table Structure

Router interfaces
Each router interface is a member of a different

network Activated using the no shutdown command In order for static and dynamic routes to exist in routing table you must have directly connected networks

Static Routes
Static routes in the routing table

-Includes: network address and subnet mask and IP address of next hop router or exit interface -Denoted with the code S in the routing table -Routing tables must contain directly connected networks used to connect remote networks before static or dynamic routing can be used
When to use static routes

-When network only consists of a few routers -Network is connected to internet only through one ISP -Hub & spoke topology is used on a large network

Connected and Static routes

Dynamic routing protocols

Dynamic routing protocols

-Used to add remote networks to a routing table -Are used to discover networks -Are used to update and maintain routing tables
Automatic network discovery

-Routers are able discover new networks by sharing routing table information
Maintaining routing tables
-Dynamic routing protocols are used to share routing information with other router & to maintain and up date their own routing table.
IP routing protocols. Example of routing protocols include:

-RIP -IGRP -EIGRP -OSPF

Connected. Static and Dynamic

Routing Table Principles

3 principles regarding routing tables:
Every router makes its decisions alone, based on

the information it has in its routing table. Different routing table may contain different information A routing table can tell how to get to a destination but not how to get back

Effects of the 3 Routing Table Principles

-Packets are forwarded through the network from one router to another, on a hop by hop basis. -Packets can take path X to a destination but return via path Y (Asymmetric routing).

Internet Protocol (IP) packet

Internet Protocol (IP) packet format contains fields

that provide information about the packet and the sending and receiving hosts Fields that are importance for CCNA students:
-Destination IP address -Source IP address -Version & TTL -IP header length -Precedence & type of service -Packet length

Internet Protocol (IP)

MAC Layer Frame Format

MAC Frames are also divided into fields. They

include: -Preamble -Start of frame delimiter -Destination MAC address -Source MAC address -Type/length -Data and pad -Frame check sequence

MAC Layer Frame Format

Router Metrics
A Metric is a numerical value used by routing protocols help

determine the best path to a destination The smaller the metric value the better the path 2 types of metrics used by routing protocols are: -Hop count - this is the number of routers a packet must travel through to get to its destination -Bandwidth - this is the speed of a link also known as the data capacity of a link

Router Paths with Equal Metrics

Equal cost metric is a condition where a router has multiple

paths to the same destination that all have the same metric To solve this dilemma, a router will use Equal Cost Load Balancing. This means the router sends packets over the multiple exit interfaces listed in the routing table.

Router Paths and Packet Switching

Path determination is a process used by a router to pick the best

path to a destination One of 3 path determinations results from searching for the best path

Directly connected network Remote network No route determined

Router Packet Switching

Switching Function of Router is the process

used by a router to switch a packet from an incoming interface to an outgoing interface on the same router. -A packet received by a router will do the following:
Strips off layer 2 headers. Examines destination IP address located in Layer 3 header to find best route to destination. Re-encapsulates layer 3 packet into layer 2 frame. Forwards frame out exit interface.

As a packet travels from one networking device to another

-The Source and Destination IP addresses NEVER change -The Source & Destination MAC addresses CHANGE as packet is forwarded from one router to the next. -TTL field decrement by one until a value of zero is reached at which point router discards packet (prevents packets from endlessly traversing the network)

A Day in the life of a Packet

PC1 Wants to send something to PC 2 here is part of

what happens
Step 1 - PC1 encapsulates packet into a frame. Frame contains R1s destination MAC address

A Day in the life of a Packet

Step 2 - R1 receives Ethernet frame.
R1 sees that destination MAC address matches its own MAC. R1 then strips off Ethernet frame. R1 Examines destination IP. R1 consults routing table looking for destination IP. After finding destination IP in routing table, R1 now looks up

next hop IP address. R1 re-encapsulates IP packet with a new Ethernet frame. R1 forwards Ethernet packet out Fa0/1 interface.

A Day in the life of a Packet

A Day in the life of a Packet

Path determination and switching function details. PC1 Wants to

send something to PC 2 here is part of what happens

Step 3 - Packet arrives at R2

R2 receives Ethernet frame R2 sees that destination MAC address matches its own MAC R2 then strips off Ethernet frame R2 Examines destination IP R2 consults routing table looking for destination IP After finding destination IP in routing table, R2 now looks up next hop IP address R2 re-encapsulates IP packet with a new data link frame R2 forwards Ethernet packet out S0/0 interface

A Day in the life of a Packet

Step 4 - Packet arrives at R3

R3 receives PPP frame R3 then strips off PPP frame R3 Examines destination IP R3 consults routing table looking for destination IP After finding destination IP in routing table, R3 is directly connected to destination via its fast Ethernet interface R3 re-encapsulates IP packet with a new Ethernet frame R3 forwards Ethernet packet out Fa0/0 interface

Step 5 - IP packet arrives at PC2. Frame is decapsulated & processed by upper layer protocols.

Summary
Routers are computers that specialize in sending data over a network. Routers are composed of:

-Hardware i.e. CPU, Memory, System bus, Interfaces -Software used to direct the routing process
IOS Configuration file

Routers need to be configured. Basic configuration consists of:

-Router name -Router banner -Password(s) -Interface configurations i.e. IP address and subnet mask
Routing tables contain the following information

-Directly connected networks -Remotely connected networks -Network addresses and subnet masks -IP address of next hop address

Summary
Routers determine a packets path to its destination

by doing the following

Receiving an encapsulated frame & examining

destination MAC address. If the MAC address matches then Frame is deencapsulated so that router can examine the destination IP address. If destination IP address is in routing table or there is a static route then Router determines next hop IP address. Router will re-encapsulate packet with appropriate layer 2 frame and send it out to next destination. Process continues until packet reaches destination. Note - only the MAC addresses will change the