Non-Fiction

Letter to Daniel by Fergal Keane

CONTEXT
The following letter by Fergal Keane to his newborn son was broadcast on the BBC Radio 4 programme, From our own Correspondent. As a BBC foreign correspondent, Keane has reported, first hand, from various international crisis areas including Northern Ireland, Southern Africa and Asia. His reporting has been honoured with an Amnesty International Press award and an OBE for services to journalism. His book on Rwanda, Season of Blood, won the George Orwell Prize for political writing. Letter to Daniel-Audio

Introduction

Introduction
When writers plan their work, there are three basic questions they have to consider: Who am I in this piece, myself or some other character? Persona Who am I writing for? Audience

What effect do I want my writing to have on the reader? Purpose The answers to these questions help authors determine which form of writing or which genre they should adopt.

Introduction
Letter to Daniel is a non-fiction text and in nonfiction we would normally expect authors to write as themselves rather than to adopt a different persona. However, audience and purpose in non-fiction will vary and are extremely important. So, whether we are reading an extract from a longer piece in order to answer interpretation questions, or whether we are studying a complete work of nonfiction we should be thinking, as we read: Who is this aimed at? Why has the author written this?

Introduction
Activities 1 and 2 which follow, are designed to get you thinking about purpose and audience and, in doing so, come to an understanding of what Fergal Keane set out to achieve in his writing. Youll work in pairs or groups to begin with, before whole-class discussion on the issues.

ACTIVITY 1

ACTIVITY 1
The piece is addressed to My dear son and the narrative technique is that of a letter, speaking, at all times, directly to Daniel yet it was broadcast to the nation on a BBC radio programme. Discuss the following statements about the audience for the letter, decide which one you agree with most and be prepared to report your conclusions.

1. The letter isnt really aimed at his son. 2. The letter form is a device to get the attention of the general public. 3. The letter is aimed both at his son and the general public. 4. Other?

ACTIVITY 2

ACTIVITY 2
Consider the following possibilities and decide which one you think is Fergal Keanes main purpose for writing this letter. Referring closely to the text, you should try to offer at least three reasons for your choice.

Fergal Keane wrote this letter in order to:

1. express his feelings of pride and joy at having a new-born son; 2. express wonder and delight at how his life has changed as a result of becoming a father; 3. reflect on the world his newborn son has entered; 4. use the letter as a sort of time-capsule for his son to open and read when he reaches maturity; 5. express his regret about never having known his own father; 6. other?

Letter Overview/Synopsis
At its most basic it is a fathers expression of joy and hope at the birth of his first child. At deeper levels, it considers how fatherhood has changed the writers perceptions of the rat-race, the horror he has witnessed as a war correspondent and the relationship or lack of it with his own father. There are three sections to the letter, each with its own mood and tone. The opening section (paragraphs 15) is full of hope and joy at the birth of this precious son. The next section reflects on the desolation visited upon children in war-torn countries as witnessed by Keane reporting for the BBC from various war zones. In this section he expresses his feelings of fear for, and protectiveness towards, his son.

In the final section he tells a story which is clearly about his own origins but from an omniscient narrative stance. This section should allow you to consider the issue of the real and the imagined in non-fiction, perhaps agreeing that, in non-fiction it is the facts that are conveyed which matter, regardless of how the descriptive or narrative detail might have been manipulated to creative effect.
In the final paragraph, the letter reverts to its opening mood of love and joy, as well evoking a powerful mood of hope and reconciliation.

You are now going to analyse the text closely looking at the following:
Structure Narrative stance Setting Sentence structure Imagery Word choice Tone Contrasts Theme (importance of family, forgiveness and the fallibility of man).

We will divide the letter into the following sections in order to do this
Section 1 (Paragraphs 1 5)
Daniel and his parents. Mood of love, devotion and joy

Fergal - Life as war correspondent How this makes him protective of his son

Section 2 (Paragraphs 6 opening of para 11)

A) Alcoholic father How this makes him even more protective B) Link back to Daniel Return to love, joy but also gives tone of hope

Section 3 (A) (Paragraphs 12 15) & (B) (final paragraph)

(Paragraphs 1 5)
Daniel and his parents. Mood of love, devotion and joy

Section 1

Read paragraphs 1 5
In this first section Keane addresses his son directly and the mood created is one of paternal love and devotion.
It becomes evident how pleased, overjoyed indeed, both Keane and his wife are to finally have a child.

TASK 1

Task 1
The mood in the first five paragraphs is one of love and joy. 1. Read over these paragraphs and identify all the ways in which Keane conveys his love for his new son and his joy at becoming a father. (When doing this you should consider techniques such as word choice, use of imagery, use of setting . . .) 2. Choose one feature which you particularly like: be prepared to talk about this feature and explain why you feel it is effective.

TASK 2

TASK 2
We are now going to look at all examples of the extremely effective language that Keane employs in section 1 (Paragraphs 1 - 5) of his letter.
Consider the effect of the following quotes from section 1.

Quote/Evidence
You are asleep cradled in my left arm and I am learning the art of one-handed typing.

Focus of Analysis

Analysis/Evaluation
1. Why does the writer have to learn one handed typing? 2. The writers aim in this paragraph is to create a tone of calm and tranquillity what does the word cradled suggest to you?

Narrative Stance You Tone & Word choice cradled More tired, yet more happy Tone & than I have ever known her Sentence structure repetition of more a soft quiet in our apartment. Setting/Word choice effect of soft Word choice melted days have melted into night
and back again. a long sentence whose punctuation marks are feeding and winding and nappy changing and these occasional moments of quiet. the staff of our apartment We had wanted you and waited for you, imagined you and dreamed about you This glorious dawn sky makes me think well call you Son of the Eastern Star.

1. What feelings do the new parents have. 2. What do their feelings help cope with? 1. What tone is created in the apartmen 2. What has the birth of his son brought Keane? 1. What does the writer mean in his use of days have melted into night? 1. Keane compares his new life to a long sentence why is this appropriate given his occupation and how does he develop the idea?

Metaphor Word choice effect of occasional and of moments.

Anecdote
Sentence structure repetition of phrases containing and. Word choice glorious

1. The optimism Keane feels about his son is obvious. Why does he include the information about his neighbours? 1. Look at this sentence. Comment on the structure of this sentence. 2. Comment on the phrase Wanted you and waited for you. 1. What feeling does Keane have for his son and the future?

Quote/Evidence
You are asleep cradled in my left arm and I am learning the art of one-handed typing. More tired, yet more happy than I have ever known her a soft quiet in our apartment. days have melted into night and back again. a long sentence whose punctuation marks are feeding and winding and nappy changing and these occasional moments of quiet. the staff of our apartment We had wanted you and waited for you, imagined you and dreamed about you

Focus of Analysis
Narrative Stance You Tone & Word choice cradled Tone & Sentence structure repetition of more Setting/Word choice effect of soft

Analysis/Evaluation
The writers aim is to create a tone of calm and tranquillity. His baby is comfortable and safe Suggests that the feeling of happiness is so great it outweighs the tiredness which accompanies the birth of a child. Setting - The word suggests the comfort and peace brought into his life by the son. The divides between periods of time are blurred or removed and time means nothing. The writers profession and his daily routine are both entwined and connected: successful work depends on the quiet.

Word choice melted

Metaphor Word choice effect of occasional and of moments. Anecdote Sentence structure repetition of phrases containing and.

Theme of hope and optimism is shared by strangers/better future expected

Keane indicates how badly they wanted a child and how much this was on their minds.

This glorious dawn sky makes Word choice me think well call you Son of glorious the Eastern Star.

The new day, and the sight of dawn breaking, are symbolic of hope and optimism.

(Paragraphs 6 opening of para 11)

Fergal - Life as war correspondent How this makes him protective of his son

Section 2

Read paragraphs 6 11
Paragraph 6 marks a new direction in the letter.

Keane takes a critical look at himself and his views on life before Daniels arrival.
As a war correspondent his values were radically different to what they are now that he is a father. In this section he also considers the suffering he has witnessed in his job. This suffering is experienced by children alone and Keane is acutely aware of Daniels vulnerability.

TASK 1 Paragraphs 6&7

TASK 1
Read paragraphs 6 & 7 carefully. As you do so, make notes on the following:-

Imagery, Word choice, Ideas presented

By close reference to the above, explain how Keane indicates that his view on living has changed.

Quote/Evidence Your coming has turned me upside down. I know, I have lived a life that, on occasion, has veered close to the edge: war zones, natural disasters, darkness in all its shapes and forms.

Focus of Analysis
Narrative Stance me & Metaphor

Analysis/Evaluation
Narrative Focus changed from Daniel to father. Metaphor Idea that his view of life has totally changed. Is this wholly positive?

Narrative stance I Word choice - veered & Sentence Structure

Word choice -veered gives the sense he has been inches away from death due to the risks he takes, like a car on the edge of a cliff
Structure lists most dangerous places he has been to emphasise the risks he once took His ego and need to please and receive praise outweighed his own safety previously. He now finds this ridiculous notion

What people say about Metaphor us is reason enough to gamble with death. I wonder how I could ever have thought that glory and prizes and praise were sweeter than life.
Theme sense of responsibility

No longer recognises the person he was. Realises the need to put his son before everything else. Will this impact on how he does his job?

TASK 2 Paragraphs 8, 9 & 10

TASK 2
Read paragraphs 8, 9 & 10 carefully. As you do so, make notes on the following: Setting, Word choice, Ideas presented By close reference to the above, explain how he also considers the suffering he has witnessed in his job. This suffering is experienced by children alone and Keane is acutely aware of Daniels vulnerability.

Quote/Evidence
I am pained, perhaps haunted is a better word, by the memory of each suffering child I have come across.

Focus of Analysis
Word Choice Pained/Haunted Setting - contrast

Analysis/Evaluation
Suddenly the birth of child has made his memories much more painful as he can now imagine the same pain being inflicted on his own son. His detachment as a professional reporter has been lost Here Keane gives detail about the wounds and hardships the children in war torn countries are suffering. The detail of this anecdote and image makes the text more emotive and engaging.

Growing ever more faint as the wind blew dust on to his wounds

Anecdote/ Imagery - Shocking

He was nice before but now he has the hunger.

Tone - suffering

Emphasises pain and suffering in the world. Helps explain protectiveness of his son

There is one last memory of Rwanda beaten to death.

Sentence Structure Climactic/ emotive language Theme Prelude to next paragraph

Sentence structure building to shocking climax The use of emotive language ransacked/ beaten/ huddled emphasise shocking violence/affect reader
This reflects Keanes own life. His mother was left alone to bring him up as his father became victim to alcoholism.

The children had died holding on to their mother, that instinct we all learn from birth and in one way or another cling to until we die.

(Paragraphs 11 Paragraph 15)

Fergals Father - Alcoholic How this makes him even more protective

Section 3a

TASK 1 Paragraphs 11 - 15

TASK 1
Read paragraphs 11 - 15 carefully. As you do so, make notes on the following:-

Narrative Stance Word choice, Ideas presented By close reference to the above, explain how Keane fears his son having a similar childhood to his own and his determination to never let this happen.

Quote/Evidence
But there is something more

Focus of Analysis
Change in Narrative Stance

Analysis/Evaluation
The narrative changes from second to third person. The change removes or distances him from the action initially. We expect a story told in third person by a neutral and omniscient author; but it becomes clear through convincing detail - that he is telling his own story This sentence acts as a turning point, with Keane telling Daniel that another reason why he feels so protective towards his son is that he never really knew his own father who had died, an alcoholic, separated from his wife and family.

A big city on a January morning with snow on the ground.

Setting
Fiction/ Non-Fiction?

People criticise Keane for being melodramatic in these paragraphs. He overdoes the drama and emotion of the moment. Keane was not there and has made some of his narrative up (based on facts) for dramatic effect. So is the setting made to seem worse to emphasise his mothers struggles and hardships? If the facts are accurate but the detail faulty, does this make these paragraphs less reliable as a non-fiction account?

Quote/Evidence
Her husband comes that night and weeps with joy.

Focus of Analysis
Change in Narrative Stance

Analysis/Evaluation
He describes his mother as "a woman", to distance himself from his own background as he now sees how similar his parents are to him and his wife. Here he refers to his father as her husband". This is because the father's experience mirrors Fergal Keane's own life and the fears that he has about how good a parent he will be. Sadness never got to speak to his father before he died. Feelings of regret

On his own, in a one roomed flat, living and dying for the bottle.

Tone - Loss

The cancer of alcoholism ate away at the man and he lost his family. This was not something he meant to do or wanted to do, it just was.

Imagery, word choice, sentence structure.

By distancing himself from his father, he also makes it easier for him to forgive as his dad has been made out like any other man and his unfortunate circumstances could have happened to anyone.

(Paragraphs 16) Final Paragraph

- Link back to Daniel Return to love, joy but also gives tone of hope

Section 3b

Read the final paragraph.

Keane finishes off in a positive and optimistic fashion. The tone is one of joy and love, which pervaded the early paragraphs. You are now going to note down any examples of language employed by Keane (and name the technique) to achieve this effect.

Quote/Evidence

Focus of Analysis
Narrative Structure Father (link back to Daniel) - Imagery, word choice.
f

Analysis/Evaluation

I thought of your grandfather

"The sound of hope and new beginnings that you and all your innocence and freshness have brought to the world"

Tone Hope Keane ends his letter with a more Effective ending, hopeful tone. He is looking forward more to the future as he thinks about how his own father would be proud to hear his grandson.
Because Fergal Keane has used very precise detail in his letter to his son, the reader is given much more powerful imagery and a real sense of what Keane writes about.

What are you being asked to do?

Choose a novel or a short story or a work of non fiction which explores an important theme.
By referring to appropriate techniques, show how the author has explored this theme
What techniques does the poet use to explore theme? How has the poets word choice etc. conveyed the theme of the text (Love)? Identify what the theme is.

Why is this theme important?